Treaties, Peaces, Accords, Protocols, Unions, Purchases, Tariffs, Legislation, Acts, Bills, Amendments, Provisos, Resolutions, Ordinances, Compromises, Policies, Plans, Systems, Doctrines, Diplomacies, Edicts, Bulls, Manifestos, Oaths, Concordats, Codes, Orders, Compacts, Statements, Conferences, Conventions, Congresses, Councils, Constitutions, and Court Cases
Peace
of Callias - 449 BC, Persian War
Treaty
of Bretigny - 1360, Hundred Years War; England gained
Aquitaine and Calais
Treaty
of Troyes - 1420, Hundred Years War, made Henry V (England) heir to Charles VI
(France)
Treaty
of Torun - 1466, Poland - Teutonic Knights conflict
Treaty
of Westphalia - 1648, Thirty Years War
Treaty
of Aix-le-Chapelle - 1688; War of the Devolution
Treaty
of Ryswick - 1697, War of the League of Augsburg
Treaty
of Utrecht - 1713, Spanish Succession; includes Third Barrier, Baden, and Rastat Treaties; Louis
XIV's grandson Philip V
retained Spanish crown
Treaty
of Vienna - 1735, Polish Succession
Treaty
of Aix-le-Chapelle - 1748, Austrian Succession; Marie Theresa succeeded Charles
VI; Silesia ceded
to Prussia
Treaty
of Paris - 1763, Seven Years War
Treaty
of Paris - 1783, American Revolution
Treaty
of Greenville - 1795, Miami Indian Wars in Ohio
Treaty
of Campo Formio - 1797, War of the First Coalition
(Napoleonic Wars)
Treaty
of Amiens - 1802, War of the Second Coalition (Napoleonic Wars)
Treaty
of Tilset - 1807, Russia and France during the
Napoleonic Wars, ending War of the Third Coalition
Treaty
of Ghent - 1814, War of 1812
Congress
of Vienna - 1815, Napoleonic Wars; included von Metternich, Alexander I,
Talleyrand, and
Duke of Wellington
Treaty
of Cordoba - 1821, Mexican Independence
Treaty
of Yandabo - 1826, First Anglo-Burmese War
Treaty
of Adrianople - 1829, Greek Independence, enforcing Treaty of London
Treaty
of New Echota - 1835, Cherokee Wars
Treaty
of Velasco - 1836, Texas Revolution
Treaty
of Nanking - 1842, First Opium War
Treaty
of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848, Mexican-American War
Treaty
of Paris - 1856, Crimean War
Treaty
of Tianjin - 1860, Second Opium War
Treaty
of San Stefano - 1878, Russo-Turkish War
Congress
of Berlin - 1878, revised San Stefano; led by von Bismarck
Treaty
of Ancon (or Valparaiso) - 1883, War of the Pacific
Treaty
of Shimonoseki - 1895, First Sino-Japanese War
Treaty
of Paris - 1898, Spanish-American War
Treaty
of Vereeniging - 1902, Boer War
Treaty
of Portsmouth - 1905, Russo-Japanese War
Treaty
of London - 1913, First Balkan War
Treaty
of Bucharest - 1913, Second Balkan War
Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk - 1918, Russia and Central Powers during World War I
Versailles
- 1919, World War I; included George, Wilson, Clemenceau, and Sonnino
Treaty
of Saint-Germain - 1919, Allies and Austria after World War I
Treaty
of Neuilly - 1919, Allies and Bulgaria after World War I
Treaty
of Trianon - 1920, Allies and Hungary after World War I
Treaty
of Sevres - 1920, Allies and Turkey after World War I
Geneva
Accords - 1954, First Indochina War; partitioned Vietnam, with scheduled 1956
reunification
Lusaka
Protocol - 1994, Angolan Civil War
Dayton
Accords - 1995, Wars of Yugoslav Succession; signed by Izetbegovic (Bosnia),
Tudjman
(Croatia), and Milosevic
(Serbia)
Other Treaties, Accords, Peaces,
Unions, Protocols, and Purchases
Treaty
of Verdun - 843, divided Charlemagne's empire among Louis the Pious's sons Louis II the German,
Charles II the Bald, and Lothair I
Treaty
of Mersen - 870, Louis II took land from Charles II
Kalmar
Union - 1397, Margaret I made grandnephew Eric king of united Denmark, Sweden and Norway
Treaty
of Lodi - 1454, Sforza became leader of Milan
Peace
of Passau - 1552, granted religious toleration to German states
Pease
of Augsburg - 1555, allowed princes in the HRE to decide religion in their own
domains
Peace
of the Pyrenees - 1659, set France - Spain border and allowed Louis XIV to
marry Marie Therese
Treaty
of Karlowitz - 1699, Hapsburgs gained control of
Hungary
Jay's
Treaty - 1794, signed by Jay and Grenville; tried to resolve US - Britain trade
and other issues and
preserve American neutrality
in European wars
Pinckney's
Treaty - 1795, Spain agreed to US-Florida border at 31 st
parallel, and granted US free navigation
of the Mississippi and right
of deposit in New Orleans
Louisiana
Purchase - 1803, Monroe and Livingston bought 800,000 square miles from Talleyrand
and
Napoleon for $15 million
Treaty
of Kiel - 1814, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden
Rush-Bagot
Treaty - 1817, limited US and British naval power on the Great Lakes
Adams-Onis Treaty - 1819, Spain ceded Florida to US
Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty - 1850, neither US nor Britain should control a canal in Panama
Gadsen Purchase - 1853, Gadsen (US) negotiated
purchase of land in AZ and NM from Santa Anna
(Mexico) for $10 million
Kanagawa
- 1854, Matthew Perry got Japanese to open ports to US vessels
Burlingame
Treaty - 1868, allowed Chinese to immigrate to US
Treaty
of Washington - 1871, Fish negotiated agreement with Britain over reparations
for damage by
English-built Confederate
ships, the San Juan boundary, and North Atlantic fishing dispute
Gentlemen's
Agreement - 1900, Japan would stop issuing passports to emigrants
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty - 1901, overrode Clayton-Bulwer, allowing
US to build a canal in Panama
Hay-Bunau-Varilla
Treaty - 1903, Panama gave US canal zone
Root-Takahira Treaty - 1908, Japan respected US's Open Door policy in China
Bryan-Chamorro
Treaty - 1916, gave US exclusive rights to build a canal in Nicaragua
Treaty
of Rapallo - 1920, settled Italy-Yugoslavia boundary dispute
Treaty
of Lausanne - 1923, Greece returned land to Turkey
Locarno
Pact - 1925, drafted by Chamberlain, demilitarized Rhineland, allowed Germany
in League of
Nations
Geneva
Protocol - 1925, bans bacterial and gas weapons
Kellogg-Briand
Pact - 1928, also Pact of Paris or Treaty for the Renunciation of War; 15
nations agreed to
ban war as an instrument of
national policy
Munich
Pact - 1938, let Germany annex Czech Sudetenland; signed by N Chamberlain
(England, "peace in
our time"), Mussolini
(Italy), Daladier (France), and Hitler (Germany)
Treaty
of San Francisco - 1951, ended occupation of Japan
Treaty
of Rome - 1957, established European Economic Community
SALT
I - (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 1972, US and USSR signed Anti-Ballistic
Missiles Treaty and
Interim Agreement on the
Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
Camp
David Accords - 1978, peace between Egypt and Israel; included al-Sadat, Begin,
and Carter
SALT
II - 1979, US and USSR limited nuclear launchers; never officially ratified
Meech Lake Accord - 1987, plan to revise Canada's constitution for Quebec;
never ratified; second try with
Charlottetown Accord
START
I - (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) 1991, Bush (US) and Gorbachev (USSR)
reduced nuclear
arsenals; five former Soviet
republics signed on in 1992
Treaty
of Maastricht - 1992, European Union established
START
II - 1993, Bush (US) and Yeltsin (Russia) reduced nuclear arsenals
Declaration
of Principles - 1993, Rabin (Israel) and Arafat (PLO) agreed to limited
Palestinian self-rule in
Gaza and Jericho
Good
Friday Agreement - 1998, Catholics and Protestants agreed to share power in
Northern Ireland
Tariffs and Trade Laws
Tariff
Act of 1789 - 1789, first tariff; protected domestic glass and earthenware
Embargo
Act - 1807, supported by Jefferson, prohibited US vessels from trading with
European nations
involved in the Napoleonic
Wars
Enforcement
Act - 1809, provided for stricter enforcement of the Embargo Act
Non-Intercourse
Act - 1809, reinstated trade with all nations except Britain and France
Macon's
Bill #2 - 1810, reinstated trade with all nations
Tariff
Act of 1816 - 1816, first complete tariff
Tariff
of Abominations - 1828, increased rates to highest ever; protected wool;
angered the South
Tariff
of 1832 - reduced rates to those of 1824, SC declared Tariff of Abominations
and Tariff of 1832 null
Compromise
Tariff - 1833, proposed by Clay, reduced rates gradually
Tariff
Act of 1842 - 1842, raised rates back to 1832 levels to make up for revenue
lost in Panic of 1832
McKinley
- 1890, increased tariffs
Dingley
- 1897, increased rates to the highest levels since the Civil War
Payne-Aldrich
- 1909, reduced rates slightly
Underwood
- 1913, greatly reduced rates
Fordney-McCumber - 1922, greatly increased rates, allowed President to adjust rates in
trade wars
Hawley-Smoot
- 1930, increased rates to try to protect industries during the Great
Depression
Reciprocal
Trade Agreement Act - 1934, allowed President to negotiate trade agreements
General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - 1947, international agreement to reduce
tariffs
Trade
Act of 1974 - 1974, established Generalized System of Preferences to reduce
tariffs for developing
nations
Tokyo
Round - 1979, GATT conference that further reduced international tariffs
North
American Free Trade Agreement - 1992, eliminated most tariffs among US, Canada,
and Mexico
World
Trade Organization - 1994, WTO established by GATT Uruguay Round conference
Trans-Pacific
Partnership - 2016, signed in Auckland, major nations around Pacific Rim; Trump
withdrew U.S.
British Legislation and Acts
Magna
Carta - 1215, signed by King John; gave barons increased feudal powers;
contains 63 articles
Provisions
of Oxford - 1258, constitution forced upon Henry III after Barons' Revolt
Corn
Laws - 1436, amended often, including 1463, 1815, and 1828, regulated the
supply and price of
grains (called corn),
repealed by Parliament and Prime Minister Peel in 1846 after the Irish potato
famine
Act
of Union - 1536, united England and Wales under Henry VIII
Thirty-Nine
Articles - 1563, established doctrine of Anglican Church
Instrument
of Government - 1648, constitution written by Lambert during English Civil War;
Cromwell
became Lord Protector
Navigation
Acts - 1651, intended to promote English trade; many similar acts passed later
Clarendon
Code - 1661-1665, acts passed establishing supremacy of the Anglican Church;
includes the
Corporation Act, the Five
Mile Act, the Act of Uniformity, and the Conventicle Act
Act
of Settlement - 1701, provided for succession to the throne by the house of
Hanover unless Queen
Anne provided an heir;
George I became king in 1714
Act
of Union - 1701, united England and Scotland
Molasses
Act - 1733, imposed tax on molasses, used by American colonists to produce rum
Royal
Proclamation of 1763 - 1763, limited American colonies to east of the
Appalachians; prompted by
Pontiac's rebellion
Currency
Act - 1764, prevented American colonies from using paper money for payment of
debts
Sugar
Act - 1764, Prime Minister Grenville replaced Molasses Act with tax on sugar
Stamp
Act - 1765, supported by Prime Minister Grenville; required a tax stamp on all
legal documents in
the American colonies
Declaratory
Act - 1766, declared Parliament's right to impose laws on the American
colonies; accompanied
repeal of the Stamp Act
Townshend
Acts - 1767, included Revenue Act, imposing taxes on various items, and
suspended NY
legislature
Intolerable
Acts - 1774, also Coercive Acts; punished MA; included Boston Port Act (closed
Boston
harbor), Quartering Act, MA
Government Act (revoked MA charter), and Impartial Administration
of Justice Act (removing
British soldiers from jurisdiction of MA)
Quebec
Act - 1774, expanded Quebec into the Ohio River Valley and instituted French
civil law
Act
of Union - 1800, united England and Ireland
Orders
in Council - 1807, George III prohibited neutral nations from trading with
France; led to US
Embargo Act
Reform
Act of 1832 - 1832, increased suffrage; eliminated rotten and pocket boroughs
Act
of Union - 1840, united Upper and Lower Canada
British
North America Act - 1867, united Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick into new
nation, the Dominion of
Canada
Home
Rule Act - 1914, provided for self-government of Ireland; had earlier been
supported by Parnell and
Gladstone but hadn't passed
"Brexit"
- 2016, referendum to leave the European Union passed, invoking Article 50 of
the Treaty on the
European
Union
American Legislation, Acts, Bills, Ordinances,
Amendments, and Provisos
Northwest
Ordinance - 1787, divided territories in the Midwest into townships and allowed
them to
eventually become states;
supported public schools; prohibited slavery in the region; written by
Dane
Fugitive
Slave Laws - 1793, updated in Compromise of 1850, providing different fees to
judges
depending on their verdict
Naturalization
Act - 1798, increased citizen residency requirement from 5 to 14 years;
repealed in 1802
Alien
Act - 1798, allowed President to deport any alien considered dangerous; expired
in 1800
Alien
Enemies Act - 1798, allowed for the deportation of citizens of nations at war
with the US; expired in
1801
Sedition
Act - 1798, prohibited printing of libel or fostering opposition to US laws
Kentucky
and Virginia Resolutions - 1798, drafted by Jefferson and Madison in opposition
to
infringements of civil
liberties in the Alien and Sedition Acts; later cited by nullification
proponents
Missouri
Compromise - 1820, Clay's (KY) proposal allowed slave state MO and free state
ME to enter
(keeping balance at 12
each);
Thomas
Proviso to Missouri Compromise - 1820, Thomas (IL) added proviso preventing
slavery north of
36 30 in LA purchase
Tallmadge
Amendment to Missouri Compromise - 1820, would have freed slaves born in MO at
age 25
Specie
Circular - 1836, required land payments be made in gold or silver; devalued
currency; supported by
Jackson; written by Benton,
delivered by Treasury Secretary Woodbury
Wilmot
Proviso - 1846, proviso added by Wilmot (PN) to appropriations bill preventing
slavery in lands
acquired from Mexico;
removed from the bill by the Senate
Compromise
of 1850 - 1850, Clay's (KY) proposal included ending of slavery in DC,
admission of CA, a
new Fugitive Slave Law,
establishment of NM and UT territories, and $10 million payment to TX
Kansas-Nebraska
Act - 1854, Douglas's (IL) proposal created KS and NE, and allowed settlers in
both
states to decide slavery
issue for themselves, repealing Missouri Compromise
Homestead
Act - 1862, provided free land up to 160 acres to people who would settle on it
for five years
Morrill
Land-Grant College Act - 1862, provided much federal land to states for
establishing state
universities
Enrollment
Act - 1863, instituted a draft for the Civil War, allowing exception by the
payment of $300
Wade-Davis
Bill - 1864, Wade (OH) and Davis (MD) proposed bill requiring half a state's
white males to
swear loyalty before
reestablishing state governments in the South; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, who
supported his Ten Percent
Plan
Freedmen's
Bureau - 1865, also Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands;
established
Freedmen's Bureau to help
freed slaves; headed by Howard
Tenure
of Office Act - 1867, prevented the President from removing officials without
Senate's consent;
violated by Andrew Johnson
when he replaced Secretary of War Stanton with Thomas, leading to
his impeachment trial
Bland-Allison
Act - 1878, created silver certificate and allowed silver purchase by the
government
Pendleton
Civil Service Reform Act - 1883, required competitive tests for federal civil
service jobs; passed
in response to Garfield's
assassination by Guiteau; drafted by Pendleton and Eaton
Sherman
Antitrust Act - 1890, proposal by Sherman (OH) outlawed all trusts in restraint
of free trade
Sherman
Silver Purchase Act - 1890, proposal by Sherman (OH) provided by monthly
purchase of silver
by federal government
Teller
Amendment to Declaration of War with Spain - 1898, stated that the US would not
annex Cuba
Platt
Amendment to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901 - 1901, ended US occupation
of Cuba;
established naval base at Guantanamo
Bay
Spooner
Amendment to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901 - 1901, provided for civilian
government in
the Philippines
Pure
Food and Drug Act - 1906, supported by Wiley; inspired by Sinclair's Jungle;
amended 1938
Owen-Glass
Act - 1913, established Federal Reserve
Clayton
Antitrust Act - 1914, amendment to Sherman Antitrust Act by Clayton (AL); dealt
with new
monopolistic practices
Espionage
Act - 1917, provides stiff penalties for spying against the US
Glass-Steagull Act - 1932, extended credit and gold to industries
Norris-LaGuardia
Act - 1932, banned yellow-dog contracts and prevented injunctions
National
Industrial Recovery Act - 1933, established Public Works Administration (under
Ickes) and
National Recovery
Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled
unconstitutional in Schechter
Poultry v. US
Wagner
Act - 1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions;
allowed collective
bargaining
Hatch
Act - 1939, also Political Activity Act; limited political activities of
federal employees; limited
individual campaign
contributions
Smith
Act - 1940, also Alien Registration Act; outlawed advocacy of force to change
government
Lend-Lease
Act - 1941, allowed the President to grant economic aid to nations important to
the defense of
the US
Taft-Hartley
Act - 1947, also Labor-Management Relations Acts; curbed powers of unions;
outlawed
closed shop; allowed
right-to-work laws; passed over Truman's veto
McCarran-Walter
Act - 1952, removed ban on immigration by Asians to US
Landrum-Griffin
Act - 1959, also Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act; Bill of Rights
for
union members; regulated
union internal affairs; required reporting of union dealings
Voting
Rights Act of 1965 - 1965, provided federal enforcement of laws allowing
minorities to vote
Medicare
Act - 1965, established health insurance for the elderly
Medicaid
Act - 1965, established health insurance for the poor
Social
Security Act of 1967 - 1967, established social welfare insurance
Civil
Rights Act of 1968 - 1968, prohibited racial or religious discrimination in
housing
Boland
Amendment - 1984, prevented US aid for contras in Nicaragua
USA
Patriot Act - 2001, expanded search powers of law enforcement for
counter-terrorism; "Uniting and
Strengthening
America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism"
TARP (Troubled Asset Relief
Program) - 2008, Government purchase of toxic assets in response to
subprime
mortgage crisis
Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act - 2010, created individual insurance exchanges, expanded
Medicare,
created individual mandate for health insurance, "Obamacare"
Policies, Plans, Systems, Doctrines, and Diplomacies
Virginia
Plan - 1787, proposed by Randolph and Madison; provided Congressional
representation for
states on
the basis of population
New
Jersey Plan - 1787, proposed by Patterson, provided equal Congressional
representation for each state
Great
Compromise - 1787, also CT Compromise, proposed by Sherman and Ellsworth,
provided for
bicameral Congress
Plan
of Iguala - 1821, Iterbide and Guerrero's plan for
Mexican independence from Spain
American
System - 1820s, Clay's policies, calling for high tariffs, internal
improvements, and a strong
national bank
Monroe
Doctrine - 1823, Monroe's statement that European powers should not interfere
in the affairs of
nations in the Western
Hemisphere
Doctrine
of Nullification - 1832, Calhoun and SC declared a state could suspend federal
laws; Webster
argued the issue with Hayne
in the Senate
Freeport
Doctrine - 1858, Stephen Douglas's support for popular sovereignty on the
slavery issue,
espoused during his debates
with Lincoln in Illinois Senate election
Open
Door Policy - 1899, Secretary of State Hay negotiated for equal trading rights
in China
Square
Deal - 1903, Theodore Roosevelt's policies of treating everyone equally
Roosevelt
Corollary - 1904, Theodore Roosevelt's assertion that the US could intervene in
affairs of Latin
American nations, such as
Venezuela
Dollar Diplomacy - 1909, Taft's policies of investing money in Latin America;
led to military involvement
in places such as Nicaragua
Plan
of San Luis Potosi - 1910, Madero's plan for revolution in Mexico
Plan
of Ayala - 1911, Zapata's agrarian reform plan for Mexico
New
Nationalism - 1912, Theodore Roosevelt's policies as Progressive Party
candidate
New
Freedom - 1912, Wilson's policies of limited government, low tariffs, banking
reform, and antitrust
laws
Dawes
Plan - 1924, plan to reduce reparations imposed on Germany at Versailles
Young
Plan - 1929, further reduced reparations imposed on Germany after WWI
Stimson
Doctrine - 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize
territorial changes
resulting from Japan's
invasion of Manchuria
New
Deal - 1933, FDR's plan for economic recovery during the Great Depression
Fair
Deal - 1945, Truman's plan for social legislation
Marshall
Plan - 1947, also European Recovery Program, allotted $13 billion for
rebuilding Europe after
WWII
Containment
- 1947, plan to limit spread of Communism; outlined by Kennan
Schumann
Plan - 1950s, idea to form European Coal and Steel Community
Hundred
Flowers - 1956, Mao encouraged intellectuals to criticize the government for a
short time
Great
Leap Forward - 1957 - 1962, Mao tried unsuccessfully to rapidly increase
China's industrial and
agricultural production
Great
Society - 1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice
Cultural
Revolution - 1966 - 1976, Mao attempted to rekindle revolutionary fervor,
organizing students
into groups of Red Guards;
ended with arrest of the Gang of Four (including Mao's wife Jiang
Qing)
Shuttle
Diplomacy - 1973, Secretary of State Kissinger traveled back and forth between
nations in the
Arab-Israeli War
Edicts, Bulls, Manifestos, Oaths, Concordats, Codes,
Orders, Compacts, and Statements
Code
of Hammurabi - 1700s BC, Hammurabi (Babylonia) established laws of equal
retaliation; discovered
at Susa in 1901
Edicts
of Ashoka - 200s BC, Ashoka (Mauryan) spelled out his Buddhist-based policies;
included Minor,
Major Rock, and Pillar
Edicts
Edict
of Milan - 313, Constantine the Great (Rome) legalized Christianity in the
Roman Empire
Theodosian Code - 438, compilation of opinions of Roman jurists by Antiochus Chuzon
Justinian
Code - 534, Body of Civil Law compiled by Trebonianus
for Byzantine Emperor Justinian I
Oath
of Strasbourg - 842, Charles II the Bald and Louis II the German allied against
brother Lothair I; had
briefly imprisoned Lothair and dad Louis the Pious at Field of Lies in 833
Golden
Bull - 1222, Hungarian nobles forced Andrew II to issue the Golden Bull
Unam Sanctum Bull - 1302, Boniface VIII asserted supremacy of the pope over
secular leaders; ignored by
Philip IV (France)
Golden
Bull - 1356, Charles IV (HRE) established rules for election of emperors in the
HRE
Pragmatic
Sanction - 1438, Charles VII (France) limited papal authority in France
Concordat
of Bologna - 1516, Francis I (France) obtained the right to appoint church
officials without
papal approval
Edict
of Worms - 1521, Charles V (HRE) condemned the teachings of Luther
Edict
of Nantes - 1598, Henry IV (France) granted partial religious freedom to
Huguenots; revoked by
Louis XIV in 1685
Mayflower
Compact - 1620, signed by Pilgrim Separatists led by Brewster and Bradford,
establishing laws
for Plymouth colony
Edict
of Restitution - 1629, Ferdinand II (HRE) ordered return of Catholic land
seized by Protestants
Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut - 1637, Hooker and Haynes established laws for colony;
considered
first written constitution
Pragmatic
Sanction - 1713, Charles VI (HRE) willed Hapsburg lands to daughter Maria
Theresa
Tennis
Court Oath - 1789, members of National Assembly vowed to create a constitution
for France
Declaration
of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - 1789, proclaimed by National Assembly
during
French Revolution; ended
divine right of kings and guaranteed personal freedoms
Code
Napoleon - 1804, body of French civil law established by Napoleon; still used
in Belgium, Louisiana,
and France
Tamworth
Manifesto - 1832, Peel outlined his plan for the Conservative Party
Southern
Manifesto - 1956, opposition of southern congressmen to Brown v. Board of
Education decision
Port
Huron Statement - 1962, manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society by
Tom Hayden
American Conferences, Conventions, and Congresses
Albany
Congress (1754, NY) - meeting between American colonies and Iroquois in
preparation for war
with France; Franklin
presented a plan of union for the colonies
First
Continental Congress (1774, PN) - met at Carpenter's Hall; Randolph was
president; issued
Declaration of Rights and
Grievances; established Continental Association, protected by
Committees of Safety
Second
Continental Congress (1775 - 1777, PN) - drafted Declaration of Independence;
Dickinson headed
committee that wrote Articles
of Confederation, contributed to by Burke; Hancock was president
Annapolis
Convention (1786, MD) - decided the convention's powers were too limited to
make needed
changes in commerce laws, so
it called for a convention in Philadelphia in 1787
Constitutional
Convention (1787, PN) - framed new Constitution; Washington was president
Hartford
Convention (1814 - 1815, CT) - NE Federalists, opposed to the War of 1812,
proposed
constitutional amendments,
including 2/3 majority for war or new states, and one-term presidency;
disbanded when Treaty of
Ghent was signed; led by Cabot and Otis
Harrisburg
Convention (1827, PN) - discussed Tariff of Abominations; dominated by textile
industry
Seneca
Falls Convention (1848, NY) - adopted Declaration of Sentiments for women's
rights, especially
suffrage; led by Mott and
Stanton
Hampton
Roads Conference (1865, VG) - Lincoln and Seward (Union) met with Stephens,
Campbell, and
Hunter (Confederate) aboard
the River Queen but reached no agreement on ending Civil War
Atlantic
Charter (Aug. 1941, Newfoundland) - Roosevelt and Churchill expressed postwar
aims, including
right of self-determination
Casablanca
(Jan. 1943, Morocco) - Roosevelt and Churchill decided to follow up African
campaign with a
Mediterranean campaign
rather than immediate attack on Germany
Cairo
(Nov. 1943, Egypt) - Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang discussed WWII Pacific
Theater
Tehran
(Nov. - Dec. 1943, Iran) - Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin discussed WWII and
postwar plans;
Stalin's first appearance at
a conference
Dumbarton
Oaks (1944, DC) - US, China, Britain, and USSR outlined plan for UN; estate was
deeded by
Bliss to Harvard in 1940
Bretton
Woods (July 1944, NH) - also United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference;
44 nations
established IMF and
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Yalta
(Feb. 1945, Ukraine) - Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met; agreed on
reparations, partition of
Germany, and (secretly) that
the USSR would join the war on Japan
United
Nations Conference on International Organization (Apr. - June 1945, SF) - established
UN
Potsdam
Conference (July-Aug. 1945, Germany) - implemented Yalta decisions; issued
ultimatum to
Japan; Stalin, Truman, and
Churchill (replaced by new Prime Minister Attlee)
Church Councils and Their Associated Heresies
First
Council of Nicaea - 325; called by Constantine the Great (Rome); condemned
Arianism; adopted
Nicaen Creed
Council
of Ephesus - 431; called by Valentinian III (Western Rome) and Theodosius II
(Eastern Rome); St.
Cyril led condemnation of
Nestorianism
Council
of Chalcedon - 451; called by Leo I and Marcian
(Eastern Rome); condemned Monophysitism
Second
Council of Nicaea - 787; called by Irene (Byzantine); supported iconoclasm
Council
of Clermont - 1095; called by Urban II; initiated First Crusade; excommunicated
Philip I (France)
Fourth
Lateran Council - 1215; called by Innocent III; condemned Cathari
(Albigenses) and Waldenses
Council
of Constance - 1414 - 1418; called by antipope John XXIII and Sigismund (HRE);
elected Martin
V over John, Gregory XII,
and antipope Benedict XIII, ending Rome - Avignon schism; declared
Wycliffe, Huss, and Jerome
of Prague heretics; declared council supremacy over the pope
Council
of Basel - 1431 - 1449; called by Martin V; Eugene IV replaced it with
Ferrara-Florence Council;
it elected anti-pope Felix
V, threatening to reopen the Great Schism
Council
of Ferrara-Florence - 1438 - 1445; Eugene IV tried to reunite Eastern Church
under John VIII
Palaeologus with the Western
Church; moved to Florence when plague broke out in Ferrara
Council
of Trent - 1545 - 1563; called by Paul III to consider reforms proposed by the
Reformation; Pius
IV confirmed its decrees;
met in three periods
First
Vatican Council - 1869 - 1870; called by Pius IX; affirmed papal infallibility
(Pastor Aeternus)
Second
Vatican Council - 1962 - 1965; called by John XXIII; promoted Christian unity
and reforms in the
church; condemned
anti-Semitism; led by Paul VI
Associated
Heresies
Arianism
- belief that Jesus was created and is not eternal like the Father; proposed by
Arius of Libya
Nestorianism
- belief that Christ's divine and human natures were distinct, and so Mary was
not the "mother
of God", proposed by
patriarch Nestorius
Monophysitism - belief that Christ has divine nature but no human nature, supported
by Robber Synod and
Coptic Church
Albigensian
Heresy - belief in two gods (Dualism), one good and the other bad; adherents
often called
Cathari; based on Persian
Manichaeism
Articles
Article
I - Powers of Congress
Article
II - Powers of the President
Article
III - Judiciary Powers
Article
IV - Admission of New States
Article
V - Process of Amending the Constitution
Article
VI - Supremacy of the Constitution
Article
VII - Ratification process of the Constitution Amendments
Amendments
1 -
Freedom of speech, press, and religion
2 -
Right to bear arms
3 -
Quartering of troops
4 -
Search and seizure
5 -
Due process, do not have to witness against yourself, no double jeopardy
6 -
Right to speedy trial
7 -
Right to trial by jury
8 -
Excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
9 -
Constitutional rights do not deny rights retained by people
10
- Rights not delegated by the Constitution are retained by the states
11
- Limits of federal judicial power (1795)
12
- Separate electoral ballots for President and Vice President (1804)
13
- Abolition of Slavery (1865)
14
- Rights of citizenship unabridged (1868)
15
- Voting rights to all races (1870)
16
- Federal income tax (1913)
17
- Direct election of senators (1913)
18
- Prohibition (1919)
19
- Women's suffrage (1920)
20 -
Lame Duck amendment (1933)
21
- Repeal Prohibition (1933)
22
- Presidential term limits (1951)
23
- DC given vote in Presidential elections (1961)
24
- Poll tax ban (1964)
25
- Presidential succession (1967)
26
- Voting age lowered to 18 (1971)
27
- No congressional pay raises effective until after intervening election (1992)
Ratification
1 -
Delaware
2 -
Pennsylvania
3 -
New Jersey
4 -
Georgia
5 -
Connecticut
6 -
Massachusetts
7 -
Maryland
8 -
South Carolina
9 -
New Hampshire
10
- Virginia
11
- New York
12
- North Carolina
13
- Rhode Island
14
- Vermont
15
- Kentucky
Secession
1 -
South Carolina
2 -
Mississippi
3 -
Florida
4 -
Alabama
5 -
Georgia
6 -
Louisiana
7 -
Texas
8 -
Virginia
9 -
Arkansas
10
- North Carolina
11
- Tennessee
Supreme Court Cases
1789
- 1795 John Jay
1795
- 1795 John Rutledge
1796
- 1801 Oliver Ellsworth
1801
- 1835 John Marshall
Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) -
ruled the federal government had jurisdiction in the
case of an
individual (Chisholm of SC)
against another state (GA); led to Eleventh Amendment
Marbury v. Madison (1803) -
ruled Congress exceeded its power in Judiciary Act of 1789,
establishing Supreme Court's
power to invalidate laws
Fletcher v. Peck (1810) -
first state law ruled unconstitutional; case based on Yazoo land fraud
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
- ruled Congress had authority to charter a national bank under
"necessary and
proper" clause, and that the Second National Bank was immune to
taxation from Baltimore
County
Trustees of Dartmouth
College v. Woodward (1819) - ruled state could not arbitrarily alter terms
of a college's contract
Cohens v. Virginia (1821) -
again overruled state law; case based on two brothers illegally selling
lottery tickets
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) -
ruled that Congress could regulate commerce and struck down
monopoly on NY-NJ ferries
given to Ogden, Fitch, Livingston, and Fulton
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
- ruled state of GA could not remove Cherokees, but Jackson did not
enforce the decision
("Let him enforce it")
Barron v. Baltimore (1833) -
ruled Bill of Rights did not apply to state governments; case based
on a claim for compensation
from city of Baltimore for reducing wharf's value
1836
- 1864 Roger Taney
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
- ruled Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it
deprived a person of his
property (slaves) without due process, and that slaves are not citizens
Ex parte
Merryman (1861) - ruled Lincoln could not suspend habeas corpus for
secessionist at
Fort McHenry
1864
- 1873 Salmon P. Chase
Ex parte
Milligan (1866) - ruled an Indiana civilian could not be tried in military
courts when civil
courts existed
Ex parte
Garland (1867) - ruled unconstitutional a law requiring attorneys to have
always been
loyal to US
1874
- 1888 Morrison Waite
Munn v. Illinois (1877) -
upheld laws supported by Grangers regulating railroad rates
Ex parte
Yarbrough (1884) - upheld conviction of Klansmen who prevented a black man from
voting in GA
1888
- 1910 Melville Fuller
United States v. E.C. Knight
Co. (1895) - ruled manufacturing was not commerce and so not
covered by Sherman Antitrust
Act; let stand a sugar monopoly
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and
Trust Co. (1895) - ruled part of Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act that
established an income tax
was unconstitutional; led to Sixteenth Amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) -
ruled constitutional a state law requiring separate but equal
facilities for black and
white passengers
Northern Securities Co. v.
US (1904) - ruled a holding company formed solely to eliminate
competition between two
railroad lines violated antitrust act
Lochner v. New York (1905) -
limited power of states to regulate working conditions by finding
in favor of Lochner, a NY
bakery owner fined by the state
Muller v. Oregon (1908) -
ruled constitutional a state law limiting the working hours of women
Loewe v. Lawler (Danbury
Hatters) (1908) - ruled secondary boycotts illegal under Sherman
Antitrust Act
1910
- 1921 Edward White
Standard Oil Co. of New
Jersey et al. v. US (1911) - ruled Standard Oil Trust must be dissolved
because of its unreasonable
restraint of trade, not because of its size
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) -
ruled unconstitutional a law prohibiting commerce of goods
produced by child labor;
case brought by NC man with two sons in a cotton mill
Schenck v. US (1919) - sustained
Espionage Act of 1917, saying freedom of speech could be
constrained if it presents a
"clear and present danger"; based on a case in which a man
distributed anti-draft
pamphlets
1921
- 1930 William Howard Taft
Gitlow v. New York (1925) -
ruled freedom of speech in First Amendment applies to states also,
but let stand a law
preventing advocacy of violent overthrow of government
1930
- 1941 Charles Evans Hughes
Schechter Poultry v. US
(1935) - ruled unconstitutional the National Industrial Recovery Act
National Labor Relations
Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel (1937) - upheld Wagner Act
1941
- 1946 Harlan Stone
1946
- 1953 Fred Vinson
Dennis et al. v. US (1951) -
upheld Smith Act of 1940 outlawing speaking about Communist
theory of advocating the
forcible overthrow of US government
1953
- 1969 Earl Warren
Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka (1954) - ruled that separate schools for black and white
students were inherently
unequal, violating Fourteenth Amendment
Roth v. US and Alberts v.
California (1957) - ruled that obscene material not protected by
freedom of speech, defining
obscene as "utterly without redeeming social value"
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) - ruled
evidence obtained in violation of Fourth Amendment could not be
used in court
Engel v. Vitale (1962) - ruled
public school officials could not require school prayer
Baker v. Carr
(1962) - ruled federal courts could redistrict legislative districts in TN
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
- ruled that due process in Fourteenth Amendment applies to states,
so all persons charged with
crimes must be provided an attorney
New York Times v. Sullivan
(1964) - ruled freedom of press protected press from libel suits for
reports on public officials
unless it could be proven he reports were made from malice
Griswold v. Connecticut
(1965) - ruled state could not prohibit contraceptives
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) -
ruled suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent and to
obtain an attorney before
questioning them
Loving v. Virginia (1967) -
ruled unconstitutional a law banning interracial marriages, saying
laws with racial
classifications are "inherently suspect"
1969
- 1986 Warren Burger
Swann v.
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) - permitted busing to end
school
segregation
Furman v. Georgia and Branch
v. Texas and Jackson v. Georgia (1972) - ruled death penalty, as
instituted, unconstitutional
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) -
ruled Amish could be exempted from compulsory education law
Roe v. Wade and Doe v.
Bolton (1973) - ruled fetus was not a person and that Fourteenth
Amendment protected women's
rights to abortion
US v. Nixon (1974) - ruled
executive privilege of immunity from judicial demands for evidence to
be used in a criminal trial
were not applicable in this case
Buckley v. Valeo (1976) - ruled campaign spending limits violate First
Amendment
Gregg v. Georgia and Profit
v. Florida and Jurek V. Texas (1976) - ruled capital
punishment was
not in violation of ban on
cruel and unusual punishments but required consideration of
individual character and
circumstances of the crime in sentencing
Coker v. Georgia (1977) -
ruled death penalty excessive for rape
Regents of University of
California v. Bakke (1978) - ruled special affirmative action medical
admissions program violated
1964 Civil Rights Act, but that race could be considered in
admissions
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) -
upheld Georgia law against homosexuality
1986
- 2005 William Rehnquist
Cruzan v. Missouri (1990) -
ruled person has right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment, but
there must be "clear
and convincing evidence" of that desire
Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995)
- ruled federal programs classifying people by race may
deny right to equal
protection and be unconstitutional, unless "narrowly tailored" to a
"compelling
governmental interest"
US Term Limits Inc. v. Thorton (1995) - ruled Congressional term limits
unconstitutional
Bush
v. Gore (2000) - ended manual recounts of Florida Presidential ballots
Atkins
v. Virginia (2002) - ruled execution of mentally retarded violated Eighth
Amendment
2005
- ? John Roberts, Jr.
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) - ruled against system for trying
terrorism detainees at Guantanamo Bay
District
of Columbia v. Heller (2008) - overturned DC handgun ban
Citizens
United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) - ruled that the ban on
corporations financing
Campaign
advertisements was unconstitutional
National
Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) - ruled that the
individual mandate of
the
Affordable Care Act was within Congressional powers of taxation
Shelby
County v. Holder (2013) - ruled unconstitutional part of the 1965 Civil Rights
Act targeting
specific
jurisdictions for additional scrutiny
Burwell
v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014) - ruled some closely held corporations could claim
religious
exemption
from mandate to provide contraception under Affordable Care Act
Obergefell
v. Hodges (2016) - ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage violated 14th
Amendment