1492 - 1760 : Pre-Revolutionary
John Cabot explored Delaware 1497; Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida 1513; Giovanni da Verrazano
entered NY Harbor 1524; Hernando de Soto crossed Mississippi 1541; Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
explored SW; Hernando de Alarcon reached Colorado River; Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas reached
Grand Canyon; Pedro Menendez established St. Augustine 1565; Francis Drake entered SF Bay and
razed St. Augustine; John Smith and 105 caveliers settled at Jamestown 1607; Henry Hudson sailed to
Albany; Samuel de Champlain explored Lake Champlain; House of Burgesses elected in Jamestown 1619;
103 Pilgrims reached Cape Code 1620 and signed Mayflower Compact; Peter Minuit bought New Amsterdam
from Man-a-hat-a Indians for $24; John Winthrop founded Boston 1630; Maryland founded for Catholics;
Roger Williams founded Providence; Harvard founded 1636; Navigation Act regulated commerce 1660;
Charles II gave New Amsterdam to Duke of York 1664; Nathaniel Bacon's rebellion against Governor Berkeley
failed 1676; wars against Wampanoags under King Philip and Narragansetts; Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle
claimed Louisiana 1682; William Penn bought Pennsylvania from Delaware Indians; One issue of Publick
Occurences 1690; 1692 Salem witch trials; William Kidd hired to fight pirates but became a pirate; Indians
killed 40 in Deerfield MA 1704; John Campbell founded Boston News-Letter 1704; British captured Port
Royal in Nova Scotia in Queen Anne's War (Spanish Succession) 1701-1713; NY slave revolts 1712 and
1741; Williamsburg theater opened; Poor Richard's Almanac published 1732-1757; John Peter Zenger of
Weekly Journal in NY acquitted of libel against Governor Cosby 1735; Russian Vitus Bering reached
Alaska; British captured Louisburg during King George's War (Austrian Succession) 1744 but returned to
France under Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle;
1754 - 1763 : French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)
French occupied Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh); Acadian French moved from Nova Scotia to Louisiana;
Montcalm and Wolfe killed at Quebec; Treaty of Paris 1763
1763 - 1788 Revolutionary
Sugar Act 1764 for French and Indian War debt; Stamp Act 1765 led to Stamp Act Congress in NY adopting
Declaration of Rights, act repealed 1766; Townshend Acts 1767, all but tea repealed 1770; Crispus Attucks
and 4 others killed at Boston Massacre 1770; tea protests in Annapolis, NY, Philadelphia, and Boston 1773;
Intolerable Acts closed Boston Harbor; First Continental Congress in Philadelphia 1774; Patrick Henry
speech; Paul Revere and William Dawes at Lexington and Concord; Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold
captured Ft. Ticonderoga and Crown Point 1775; fortified Breed's Hill and repulsed William Howe at Bunker
Hill; Richard Henry Lee of VG introduced resolution leading to Declaration of Independence; Moultrie won
at Charleston; Washington lost Battle of Long Island; Nathan Hale executed; Arnold lost at Valcour on Lake
Champlain; Howe won at White Plains; Hessians captured Ft. Washington and Ft. Lee; Washington won at
Trenton and Princeton; John Burgoyne recaptured Ft. Ticonderoga but surrendered at Saratoga; Marquis de
Lafayette made major general; Articles of Confederation adopted 1777; Bonhomme Richard with John Paul
Jones defeated Serapis in North Sea; British won at Charleston but lost at Kings Mountain NC; Arnold
defected to British; Washington, Rochambeau, and French Adm. De Grasse forced Cornwallis to surrender
at Yorktown 1781; RI abolished slavery 1774 and MA 1783; Treaty of Paris 1783 negotiated by Jay, Franklin,
and Adams; Washington's farewell at Fraunces Tavern NYC; Noah Webster's spelling book published;
Pennsylvania Packet & General Advertiser started 1784; 5 state Annapolis Convention 1786 called for
convention in Philadelphia to write new constitution; 1787 Shay's Rebellion of MA farmers failed; Northwest
Ordinances supported schools and religious freedom, no slavery; 1787 Constitutional Convention,
Sherman / Ellsworth's CT Compromise between Randolph / Madison's VG Plan and Paterson's NJ Plan
1788 : George Washington (Federalist) unanimous (John Adams VP)
first Congress at Federal Hall NYC; Federal Judiciary Act established Supreme Court; Bill of
Rights in effect 1791; Mad Anthony Wayne defeated Indians at Fallen Timbers on Maumee River and
British at Ft. Miami OH
1792 : George Washington (Federalist) unanimous (John Adams VP)
Eli Whitney invented cotton gin 1793; Whiskey Rebellion in W PN suppressed 1794; $1 million
ransom paid o Algerian pirates; Wayne signed Treaty of Greenville; UNC first state university; Britain
abandons forts between Great Lakes and Ohio River under Jay's Treaty 1794; Washington's farewell address
1796 : John Adams (Federalist) def. Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep)
frigates United States (Philadelphia), Constellation (Baltimore), and Constitution (Boston)
launched; French X, Y, and Z try to extort Americans Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry 1797; Federalists passed
Alien and Sedition Acts 1798; 84 French ships captured including Constellation taking Insurgente; capital
moved to Washington 1800
1800 : Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep) def. John Adams (Federalist); Aaron Burr VP with second most votes
war with Tripoli 1801-1805; doubled area with $15 million Louisiana Purchase, explored by
Lewis and Clark with Sacagawea; VP Burr shot Hamilton in Weehawken duel
1804 : Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep) def. Charles Pinckney (Federalist)
Robert Fulton steamboat trip NY to Albany; Embargo Act 1807; slave importation outlawed 1808
1808 : James Madison (Dem-Rep) def. Charles Pinckney (Federalist)
William Henry Harrison of IN defeated Indians under the Prophet at Tippecanoe; Cumberland
Road begun in MD; W supported war with Britain but NE opposed; British took Detroit 1812; Essex took
Alert, Constitution destroyed Guerriere, Wasp took Frolic, US defeated Macedonian, Constitution beat Java
1812 : James Madison (Dem-Rep) def. DeWitt Clinton (Federalist)
Oliver Hazard Perry won at Lake Erie; US won at Battle of the Thames Ontario; York (Toronto),
Buffalo, and Washington (1814) burned; Francis Scott Key wrote "Star-Spangled Banner" during
bombardment of Ft. McHenry; US won Battle of Lake Champlain; Treaty of Ghent 1814; Andrew Jackson
defeated Edward Pakenham at New Orleans 1815; Second Bank of US chartered 1816 (presidents Jones,
Cheves, and Biddle)
1816 : James Monroe (Dem-Rep) def. Rufus King (Federalist)
Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817 limited arms on Great Lakes; Florida ceded by Spain by Adams-Onis
Treaty 1819; Savannah steamship crossed Atlantic; Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise 1820 prevented
slavery north of 36o 30', repealed 1854
1820 : James Monroe (Dem-Rep) def. John Quincy Adams (Dem-Rep)
Emma Willard founded Troy Female Seminary; Monroe Doctrine opposed European intervention in
Americas 1823; Pawtucket RI women weavers' strike
1824 : John Quincy Adams (Dem-Rep) def. Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William Crawford (all Dem-Rep)
Erie Canal opened 1825; John Stevens of Hoboken built first steam locomotive; SC declared right
of nullification against Tariff of Abominations; Baltimore and Ohio railroad opened
1828 : Andrew Jackson (Democrat) def. John Quincy Adams (National Republican)
Joseph Smith established Mormon church in Fayette NY 1830; William Lloyd Garrison founded
The Liberator; Nat Turner rebellion killed 57 whites and 100 slaves in VG 1831
1832 : Andrew Jackson (Democrat) def. Henry Clay (National Republican) and William Wirt (Anti-Masonic)
Black Hawk War against Sauk and Fox Indians; SC repealed Ordinance of Nullification when compromise
tariff passed; Oberlin College accepted blacks; 8-year war against FL Seminoles under Osceola; Texas
Revolution 1835-1836 under Sam Houston, battles at Alamo and San Jacinto against Santa Anna; Cherokees
forced out of GA; Marcus Whitman and HH Spaulding and wives reached Walla Walla
1836 : Martin Van Buren (Democrat) def. William Henry Harrison (Whig)
Cherokee Trail of Tears 1838;
1840 : William Henry Harrison (Whig) def. Martin Van Buren (Democrat)
1841 : John Tyler became president upon Harrison's death
Brook Farm MA under George Ripley and Charles Fourier; Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 fixed border in
ME and MN; Samuel Morse invented telegraph ("What hath God wrought" Washington-Baltimore 1844);
Texas annexed 1845
1844 : James Polk (Democrat) def. Henry Clay (Whig) and James Birney (Liberty)
US under Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott defeated Mexico, took Vera Cruz and
Mexico City 1847, Mexico ceded land in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo for $15 million; Wilmot Proviso
forbade slavery in Mexican lands; Oregon Treaty set border at 49o not 54o 40'; Mormons left Nauvoo IL
for Salt Lake; John Noyes founded Oneida Community in NY; Elias Howe invented sewing machine; 1848
gold rush in CA; Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton led Seneca Falls Convention 1848
1848 : Zachary Taylor (Whig) def. Lewis Cass (Democrat) and Martin Van Buren (Free Soil)
1850 : Millard Fillmore became President upon Taylor's death
Clay's Compromise of 1850 admitted CA as 31st state, UT and NM territories, end DC slave trade, and
strength Fugitive Slave Law
1852 : Franklin Pierce (Democrat) def. Winfield Scott (Whig)
Matthew Perry negotiated treaty with Japanese Lord of Toda; Republican party founded at Ripon WI
1854 opposing KS-NE Act; first Mississippi railroad bridge Rock Island-Davenport; Lawrence KS sacked;
John Brown led abolitionists at Osawatomie KS; Charles Sumner (MA) delivered "Crime Against Kansas"
Speech and was clubbed by Sen. Andrew Butler (SC)'s nephew Rep. Preston Brooks
1856 : James Buchanan (Democrat) def. James Fremont (Republican) and Millard Fillmore (American)
Cyrus Field laid first Atlantic cable; Lincoln-Douglas debates in IL 1858; Edwin Drake established Titusville
PA oil well; John Brown seized US Armory at Harpers Ferry VG, hung; NE shoe worker strike; Pony Express
St. Joseph-Sacramento
1860 : Abraham Lincoln (Republican) def. Stephen Douglas (Democrat), John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), and
John Bell (Constitutional Union)
seven states set up Confederate States of America Feb 8 1861 under Jefferson Davis; Beauregard fired on
Ft. Sumter SC; Beauregard defeated McDowell at Bull Run VG; blockade of Southern ports begun;
Homestead Act 1862 gave free farms to settlers; Land Grant Act provided land for state universities;
McClellan forced Lee to retreat at Antietam MD 1862; Emancipation Proclamation issued 1863; Meade
defeated Lee and Picket's charge at Gettysburg PA; NYC draft riots 1863; Sherman took Atlanta and
Savannah 1864; Cheyennes an Arapahos massacred at Sand Creek CO by John Chivington
1864 : Abraham Lincoln (Republican) def. George McClellan (Democrat)
Lee surrendered to Grant April 9 1865 at Appomattox Court House VG; Johnston surrendered to
Sherman at Durham Station NC April 18 1865; Lincoln shot by John Booth in Ford's Theater April 14 1865
1865 : Andrew Johnson became president upon Lincoln's assassination
Ku Klux Klan organized 1866; William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million; Grange organized
1867 for farmers; Andrew Johnson impeached for violating Tenure of Office Act in removing Secretary of
War Edwin Stanton
1868 : Ulysses Grant (Republican) def. Horatio Seymour (Democrat)
Black Friday Sept 24 1869 from gold cornering by Jim Fisk and Jay Gould; Central Pacific and Union Pacific
join at Promontory UT 1869; Knights of Labor formed in Philadelphia; women allowed to vote in Wyoming
1869; October 8-11 1871 fire in Chicago; Amnesty Act for southerners; Yellowstone established 1872
1872 : Ulysses Grant (Republican) def. Horace Greeley (Democrat) and Victoria Woodhull (Equal Rights,
with Frederick Douglass)
1873-1878 depression; Union Pacific construction company Credit Mobilier scandal implicated Oakes Ames,
VP Colfax, and Garfield; Boss William Tweed of NYC Tamaney Hall convicted; Bellevue Hospital in NYC
opened nursing school; Bristow implicated Babcock in IRS Whiskey Ring scandal; 1875 Civil Rights Act;
George Custer (under Alfred Terry) and 264 of 7th Cavalry killed at Little Big Horn MT in Sioux War, led by
Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Oglala Sioux) 1876
1876 : Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) def. Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and Peter Cooper (Greenback)
when awarded 22 disputed electoral votes
Reconstruction ended; Molly Maguires riot in Scranton PA mining areas; Thomas Edison founded Edison
Electric Light Company 1878; FW Woolworth opened store in Utica
1880 : James Garfield (Republican) def. Winfield Hancock (Democrat) and James Weaver (Greenback)
Stalwarts supported Grant and Half-Breeds supported Blaine; Garfield shot by Stalwart Charles Guiteau
1881 : Chester Arthur became president upon Garfield's assassination
Booker T Washington founded Tuskegee Institute 1881; Pendleton Act 1883 reformed civil service; Brooklyn
Bridge opened 1883 by John Roebling
1884 : Grover Cleveland (Democrat) def. James Blaine (Republican) and John P. St. John (Prohibition)
Haymarket riot in Chicago 1886, 8 anarchists convicted by Gov. John Altgeld denounced trial; Apache
Geronimo surrendered; Statue of Liberty by Bartholdi dedicated 1886; American Federation of Labor
founded under Samuel Gompers 1886; 1888 blizzard killed 400
1888 : Benjamin Harrison (Republican) def. Grover Cleveland (Democrat)
OK Land Run 1889; Johnstown PA flood 1889 killed 2200; William Kemmler electrocuted in Auburn NY
1890; battle at Wounded Knee SD 1890 killed 200; Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 curbed monopolies; Forest
Reserve Act passed; Homestead PA strike at Carnegie steel mills 1892
1892 : Grover Cleveland (Democrat) def. Benjamin Harrison (Republican) and James Weaver (Peoples)
1893-1897 panic; Jacob Coxey led unemployed Midwesterners to DC 1894; William Jennings Bryan "Cross
of Gold" speech against gold standard
1896 : William McKinley (Republican) def. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)
260 killed in Maine explosion in Havana 1898; US defeated Spain in Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico;
Hawaii annexed; 1899-1901 Philippine Insurrection under Emilio Aguinaldo; Hay established Open Door
policy with China; Carry Nation raided saloons with hatched; boxers suppressed in China; Int'l Ladies'
Garment Workers Union founded in NYC 1900
1900 : William McKinley (Republican) def. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
Texas oil strike at Spindletop; Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley in Buffalo; US signed Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
with Britain and Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama to built canal, making Panama independent of
Columbia; WI direct primaries 1903; Orville and Wilbur Wright first airplane 1903 at Kitty Hawk NC
1904 : Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) def. Alton Parker (Democrat) and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
April 18 1906 SF earthquake killed 503; Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act passed 1906;
16-ship Great White Fleet world tour 1907; Henry Ford introduced Model T 1908
1908 : William Howard Taft (Republican) def. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
Robert Perry and Matthew Henson reached North Pole 1909; NAACP founded by National Conference on
the Negro 1909; 146 died in NYC Triangle Shirtwaist fire 1911; Forestry Service head Pinchot accused Interior
Secretary Ballinger of wrongdoing; CP Rodgers flew NY-Pasadena; Marines sent to Nicaragua 1912
1912 : Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) def. Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) and William Taft (Republican) and Eugene
V. Debs (Socialist)
NY Armory Show 1913; US blockaded Mexico; Federal Reserve System authorized 1913; Panama Canal
opened 1914; 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened Sherman Act; Alexander Graham Bell - Thomas
Watson telephone 1915; British Lusitania sunk with 128 Americans 1915; US invaded Haiti 1915; John
Pershing sent to Mexico after Pancho Villa who had raided Columbus NM; Rural Credits Act and
Warehouse Act 1916; Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings convicted of bombing SF Preparedness Day
parade; bought Virgin Islands from Denmark 1916; Jeannette Rankin (R, MT) first woman in Congress;
invaded Dominican Republic
1916 : Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) def. Charles Hughes (Republican)
declared war on Germany April 6 1917; Prohibition began with 18th Amendment 1917; 1918 influenza epidemic;
Rockaway NY - Lisbon transatlantic flight 1919; Boston police strike 1919; Red Scare, H Mitchell Palmer Raids
1920 arrested 2700 Communists; Senate refused League of Nations; Nicola Sacco (shoe factory worker) and
Bartolomeo Vanzetti (fish peddler) convicted of MA murders, executed 1927, decision reversed 1977 by
Dukakis; League of Women Voters founded 1920; Wall Street bombing killed 30 1920
1920 : Warren Harding (Republican) def. James Cox (Democrat) and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary 1921; Limitation of Armaments Conference in DC; Ku Klux Klan
revival 1921; coal strike at Herrin IL 1922; Phonofilm with sound by Lee de Forest at Rivoli Theater NYC;
1923 : Calvin Coolidge became president upon Harding's death
Nellie Ross (WY) and Miriam Ferguson (TX) women governors 1924; Indians given citizenship 1924
1924 : Calvin Coolidge (Republican) def. John Davis (Democrat) and Robert LaFollette (Progressive)
John Scopes fined $100 for teaching evolution in Dayton TN, Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan
lawyers; Robert Goddard liquid fuel rocket 1926; Army Air Corps established; Air Commerce Act passed;
1000 Marines landed in China 1927; Charles Lindbergh Roosevelt Field NY - Le Bourget Paris in 33.5 hours
1927; Al Jolson Jazz Singer; Amelia Earhart crossed Atlantic 1928
1928 : Herbert Hoover (Republican) def. Al Smith (Democrat) and Norman Thomas (Socialist)
7 members of George Bugs Moran's gang killed probably by Al Capone's gang in Chicago St. Valentine's
Day Massacre 1929; Sec. of Interior Albert Fall convicted of bribe in Elk Hills / Teapot Dome naval oil
reserve scandal; October 29 1929 stock market crash; Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariffs 1930; Empire State
Building opened 1931; Al Capone convicted of tax evasion; Reconstruction Finance Corporation established
1932; Charles Lindberg Jr kidnapped, Bruno Hauptmann convicted; Bonus March by WWI veterans 1932
1932 : Franklin Roosevelt (Democrat) def. Herbert Hoover (Republican) and Norman Thomas (Socialist)
Frances Perkins (Labor) first woman in Cabinet; banks closed March 6; 100 Days New Deal legislation
March 9 - June 16 1933; Tennessee Valley Authority established; gold standard dropped; Prohibition
ended; withdrawal from Haiti 1934; Will Rogers and Wiley Post killed in Alaska plane crash 1935; Social
Security Act passed 1935; Huey Long assassinated; Committee for Industrial Organization formed 1935;
Boulder Dam finished 1936
1936 : Franklin Roosevelt (Democrat) def. Al Landon (Republican), William Lemke (Union) and Norman Thomas (Socialist)
Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan lost near Howland Island; 6-justice court packing plan defeated; 1938
Naval Expansion Act; October 30 1938 Orson Welles War of the Worlds scare; 1939 NY World's Fair; 1940
sale of 50 destroyers to Britain
1940 : Franklin Roosevelt (Democrat) def. Wendell Willkie (Republican) and Norman Thomas (Socialist)
Four Freedoms speech (speech, religion, fear, want); 1941 $7 billion Lend-Lease Act for Britain then USSR;
Atlantic Charter 8-points signed August 14 1941 by Roosevelt and Churchill; bombing of Pearl Harbor
December 7 1941 killing 2300; declaration of war December 8 1941; Nimitz defeated Yamamoto at Midway
but Yorktown sunk; Guadalcanal landing 1942; Arthur Compton and Enrico Fermi produced nuclear chain
reaction at University of Chicago 1942; race riots in Detroit and Harlem 1943; Normandy invasion under
Eisenhower and Montgomery June 6 1944; GI Bill of Rights passed 1944; Halsey defeated Toyoda at Leyte
Philippines 1944
1944 : Franklin Roosevelt (Democrat) def. Thomas Dewey (Republican) and Norman Thomas (Socialist)
February 1945 Yalta conference in Crimea; Marine landings in Iwo Jima (Feb 19) and Okinawa (Apr 1) 1945;
Roosevelt cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs GA April 12 1945; Germany surrendered May 7 1945;
1945 : Harry Truman became president upon Roosevelt's death
atomic bombings of Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9); Japan surrendered on Missouri
August 14 1945; Potsdam Conference established occupation zones; Douglas MacArthur put in change of
Japan; 1946 mine worker strikes; 1946 Philippine independence; Truman Doctrine aided Greece and Turkey;
Taft-Hartley Labor Act passed on veto override, curbing strikes; $12 billion Marshall plan approved for
rebuilding Europe; 17-month Berlin airlift 1948-1949; OAS founded 1948; Whittaker Chambers accused Alger
Hiss of communist spying; Kinsey Report published
1948 : Harry Truman (Democrat) def. Thomas Dewey (Republican), Strom Thurmond (States Rights), and Norman
Thomas (Socialist), and Henry Wallace (Progressive)
NATO established 1949; I. Toguri D'Aquino (Tokyo Rose) convicted of treason; 1950 robbery of Brink's
Boston; Korean conflict begun 1950; railroads seized by Truman 1950-1952; Inchon landing September
1950 advanced until Chinese troops entered; Puerto Rican assassination attempt of Truman; Estes Kefauver
Senate investigation of organized crime and gambling; Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Morton Sobell
convicted of espionage; MacArthur removed by Truman; Japanese Peace Treaty signed 1951 in SF; Truman
seized steel mills in 1952; Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952; hydrogen bomb tested at Eniwetok
Atoll 1952
1952 : Dwight Eisenhower (Republican) def. Adlai Stevenson (Democrat)
nuclear sub Nautilus launched at Groton CT 1954; five congressmen wounded by Puerto Rican
independence supporters; Joseph McCarthy (WI) Communism hearings later condemned by Senate;
SEATO formed 1954; Rosa Parks bus protest in Montgomery 1955; AFL-CIO merger 1955; Federal-Aid
Highway Act passed 1956
1956 : Dwight Eisenhower (Republican) def. Adlai Stevenson (Democrat)
1957 Civil Rights Bill; troops sent to allow 9 black students to attend Little Rock Central High despite
opposition by Governor Orval Faubus 1957; Explorer I launched and discovered Van Allen radiation belt
1958; 5000 Marines sent to Lebanon; National Airlines NY-Miami air service; Alaska and Hawaii admitted
1959; St. Lawrence Seaway opened 1959; Nikita Khurshchev visited US September 1959; sit-ins began at
Greensboro NC Woolworth; Francis Powers U-2 plane shot down in USSR 1960, canceling Paris conference
1960 : John F. Kennedy (Democrat) def. Richard Nixon (Republican)
April 17 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba failed; Peace Corps established under Sargent Shriver; Alan
Shepard in Mercury first American in space; 1961 Freedom Rides; John Glenn in Mercury Friendship 7 first
American in orbit 1962; James Meredith first black at University of Mississippi; US agreed to remove missiles
in Turkey to resolve Cuban Missle Crisis 1962; above-ground nuclear tests banned by US, USSR, and UK 1963;
Martin Luther King Jr. March on Washington August 28 1963; South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem assassinated;
Kennedy assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, who was shot by Jack Ruby, Governor Connoly also
injured
1963 : Lyndon B. Johnson became president upon Kennedy's assassination
Medger Evers killed in Mississippi 1963, Byron De La Beckwith convicted in 1994; Civil Rights Act of
1964 passed; Medicare established 1964; Tonkin Gulf Resolution escalated Vietnam Conflict 1964; War on
Poverty, Job Corps, and domestic Peace Corps (VISTA) established 1964; Warren Commision said Oswald
acted alone
1964 : Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) def. Barry Goldwater (Republican)
North Vietnam bombed below 20o; troops sent to Dominican Republic; Selma to Montgomery march 1964;
Voting Rights Act of 1965; Watts riots in LA 1965; US bombed Hanoi 1966; Edward Brooke of MA first
black senator in 85 years; Rep. Adam Powell fined by Congress; Johnson met with Aleksei Kosygin at
Glassboro State College; Detroit and Newark riots 1967; Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard Hatcher (Gary)
first black mayors of major cities; Pueblo seized by North Korea in Sea of Japan 1968; Tet Offensive reached
Saigon 1968; Vietnam bombing halted 1968; Martin Luther King Jr assassinated by James Earl Ray in
Memphis 1968; Robert Kennedy assassinated by Jordanian Sirhan Sirhan in LA; Chicago 7 riots at Democratic
Convention; Shirley Chisolm (NY) first black woman in Congress; massacre at Mylai under William Calley 1968
1968 : Richard Nixon (Republican) def. Hubert Humphrey (Democrat) and George Wallace (Am. Indep.)
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin reach moon on Apollo 11 July 20 1969 with Michael Collins orbiting;
Woodstock near Bethel NY 1969; United Mine Workers chief Tony Boyle convicted of killing Joseph Yablonski;
four killed at Kent State protests 1970; Charles Manson convicted of murder of Sharon Tate; NY Times and
Washington Post printed Pentagon papers given by Daniel Ellsberg; 8-day Nixon trip to China 1972; Equal
Rights Amendment approved by Congress 1972 but never ratified; US bombed Hanoi and Haiphong for first
time in 4 years; Arthur Bremer shot AL Gov. George Wallace at Laurel MD 1972; Nixon visited Moscow; 5
arrested for Watergate break-in 1972
1972 : Richard Nixon (Republican) def. George McGovern (Democrat) and George Schmitz (American)
Treaty of Paris ended Vietnam conflict 1973; Haldeman (chief of staff), Ehrlichman (domestic policy advisor
who authorized break-in to office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist), Dean (White House counsel), and Kleindienst
(Attorney General) resigned 1973; VP Spiro Agnew resigned because of tax evasion charges as MD governor;
1973-1974 Arab oil embargo; in Saturday Night Massacre October 20 1973, Attorney General Richardson
resigned and Ruckelshaus and Cox were fired by Nixon; Jaworski replaced Cox as special prosecutor, John
Sirica was Watergate judge; War Powers Act passed over veto; House Judiciary Committee recommended
three articles of impeachment; Nixon resigned August 9 1974;
1974 : Gerald Ford became president upon Nixon's resignation
Mitchell, Ehrlichman, and Haldeman convicted; Saigon evacuation April 29 1975; Cambodia seized Mayaguez,
Marines attacked Tang Island; Nelson Rockefeller panel described illegal CIA operations; Patty Hearst
arrested after being kidnapped by Symbionese Liberation Army; NYC Operation Sail 1976; legionnaire's
disease killed 29 in Philadelphia; Viking I and II landed on Mars 1976
1976 : Jimmy Carter (Democrat) def. Gerald Ford (Republican)
Carter pardoned Vietnam draft evaders; Gary Gilmore (Utah firing squad) was first to be executed in ten
years; Energy Department created 1977; accident at Three Mile Island near Middletown PA 1979; $1.5 federal
bailout of Chrysler; 63 taken hostage by followers of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, demanding return of Shah
Muhammad Reza Pahlavi 1979; grain embargo and Olympic boycott of USSR after Afghanistan invasion; 8
killed in failed Iranian rescue; Mt. St. Helens killed 60 in WA; John Lennon assassinated in NYC by Mark
Chapman
1980 : Ronald Reagan (Republican) def. Jimmy Carter (Democrat) and John Anderson (Independent)
52 hostages released after 444 days in Iran January 20 1981; John Hinckley shot Reagan to impress Jodie
Foster 1981, crippling Press Secretary James Brady; first shuttle Columbia launched; Reagan dismissed
striking air traffic controllers 1981; AT&T split into 22 Baby Bells in 1982; South Korean passenger jet shot
down over USSR 1983; 241 Marines killed in Beirut Airport suicide bombing October 23 1983; US Marines
invaded Grenada October 25 1983 by request of OECS; suit settled by Vietnam veterans against herbicide
Agent Orange; Geraldine Ferraro (NY) first woman VP candidate
1984 : Ronald Reagan (Republican) def. Walter Mondale (Democrat)
London-Philadelphia Live Aid concert raised $70 million for Africa 1985; TWA plane hijacked from Athens
1985; Achille Lauro hijacked near Port Said and Leon Klinghoffer killed; Geneva summit 1985; Challenger
exploded January 28 1986 killing 7 including NH teacher Christa McAuliffe; Ivan Boesky pled guilty to illegal
stock trading; 1987 first trillion dollar budget; Iraqi missile killed 37 on USS Stark 1987; Iran Contra Affair
investigations by Special Prosecutor Lawrence Walsh and John Tower led to charges against NSC heads
Robert McFarlane and John Poindexter and staff member Oliver North 1987; October 19 1987 Wall Street
508-point fall; mid-range armament dismantling agreement; 1988 immigration amnesty policy; missile from
USS Vincennes shot down Iranian airliner; Drexel Lambert pled guilty to illegal stock trading
1988 : George Bush (Republican) def. Michael Dukakis (Democrat)
Exxon Valdez under Joseph Hazelwood struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound and spilled 260,000 barrels
of oil; SF Bay earthquake killed 60 1989; Douglas Wilder (VG) elected first black governor since
Reconstruction; US arrested Manuel Noriega from Vatican embassy in Panama (Operation Restore Hope)
1989; Americans with Disabilities Act passed 1990; 100-day Operation Desert Shield and 100-hour Operation
Desert Storm liberated Kuwait from Iraq by February 27 1991; OU Law Professor Anita Hill accused Clarence
Thomas of harassment; Charles Keating convicted of securities fraud; 52 killed in South-Central LA riots after
acquittal of 4 officers charged in Rodney King beating 1992, Koon and Powell later convicted of civil rights
violations
1992 : Bill Clinton (Democrat) def. George Bush (Republican) and Ross Perot (Independent)
Hillary Clinton headed health care task force; World Trade Center bombed 1993 by group led by Sheik
Rahman, Ramzi Ahmed Yousef and Eyad Ismoil Yousef convicted 1997; 51-day siege of Branch Davidian
compound in Waco under David Koresh, 80 killed in April 19 1993 fire; Great Flood of 1993 left 70,000
homeless; Vincent Foster found dead in VG park; Brady Bill signed; Endeavor repaired Hubble telescope;
NAFTA took effect 1994; Northridge earthquake killed 61 in 1994; Reno appointed Whitewater special
prosecutors Robert Fiske, then Kenneth Starr, then Robert Ray, investigating actions of James and Susan
McDougal's Madison Guaranty; Adrich Ames convicted of spying 1994; Paula Jones filed harassment
charges against Clinton; OJ Simpson acquitted of murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman
1995; World Trade Organization established by Uruguay Round of GATT; Republicans gained majority in
both Houses with Contract with America 1994, Majority Leader Bob Dole and Speaker Newt Gingrich; 169
killed in bombing of Murray Building in Oklahoma City April 19 1995, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
arrested; Henry Foster rejected as surgeon general nominee to replace Jocelyn Elders; Webster Hubbell
convicted of tax evasion; Atlantis and Mir docked 1995; Scott O'Grady rescued from Bosnia; Arkansas
Governor Jim Guy Tucker convicted; Shannon Faulkner admitted to The Citadel but soon dropped out; Bob
Packwood (OR) resigned; Louis Farrakhan led Million Man March 1995; former White House Travel head Billy
Dale acquitted; Bosnian treaty signed at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton 1995; 7 killed in Riyadh explosion;
budget impasse led to 1995 government shutdown
1996 : Bill Clinton (Democrat) def. Robert Dole (Republican) and Ross Perot (Reform)
Harold Nicholson pled guilty to spying; 39 Heaven's Gate members committed suicide at Rancho Santa Fe
CA 1997 in connection with Comet Hale-Bopp; Theodore Kaczynski pled guilty to Unabomber charges 1998;
Karla Faye Tucker first female executed in Texas in 135 years 1998; Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden
killed five in Jonesboro; Clinton impeached on charges of grand jury perjury and obstruction of justice based on
Starr report December 1998;
Matthew Shepard murdered in Wyoming; John Glenn returned to space on the
Discovery;
Johnny Chung convicted of
illegal campaign contributions; Amadou Diallo killed
by NYC police; John William King,
Lawrence Brewer, and Shawn
Allen Berry convicted of murdering James Byrd Jr in Jasper TX; Jack Kevorkian
sentenced to prison 1998 for
assisted suicide; Susan Webber Wright held Clinton in contempt of court; Eric Harris
and Dylan Klebold killed 13 at Columbine in Littleton
April 20 1998; Charlie Trie convicted of illegal
fundraising 1999;
two NYC police sentenced for
torture of Abner Louima; JFK Jr., Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and Lauren Bessette
died in plane crash off
Martha's Vineyard; Eileen Collins was first woman to command shuttle flight
(Columbia);
Hurricane Floyd killed 68,
mainly in NC 1999; 12 killed in Texas A&M bonfire collapse; Elian Gonzalez
returned
to father in Cuba 2000;
Bombing of USS Cole in Yemen 2000
2000 : George Bush Jr. (Republican) def. Al Gore (Democrat), Ralph Nader (Green), and Pat Buchanan (Reform)
Supreme Court ends recount in
Florida in Bush v. Gore; AOL-Time Warner merger 2001; Robert Hanssen
arrested for spying;
September 11 2001 attacks by al-Qaeda on World Trade
Center towers in NYC, the Pentagon,
and Shanksville
PA; Zacarias Moussaoui of al-Qaeda indicted; USA
Patriot Act passed; US operation against
Taliban in Afghanistan; Osama
bin Laden not captured in Tora Bora caves; Richard Reid
attempted to bring down
plane with shoe bomb; Guantanamo Bay used to house captured terrorists;
McCain-Feingold campaign finance
reform bill 2002; Cardinal
Bernard Law of Boston resigned for covering up sexual abuse by priests; Senate
Majority Leader Trent Lott
resigned; Space shuttle Columbia broke apart on
re-entry 2003; US invaded Iraq and
captured Saddam Hussein;
California governor Gray Davis replaced in recall election by Arnold
Schwarzenegger;
John
Muhammad and Lee Malvo sniper attacks in DC area; Photos of abuse of Abu Ghraib prisoners released
2004;
9/11 Commission report issued
2004 : George W. Bush (Republican) def. John Kerry
(Democrat), Ralph Nader (Green)
Hurricane Katrina breached
Lake Pontchartrain and flooded New Orleans 2005; House Majority Leader Tom
DeLay
indicted for money
laundering; Lobbyist Jack Abramoff pled guilty to bribery 2006; Surge in troops
in Iraq led by
General David Petraeus; Poor
conditions at Walter Reed Army Medical Center revealed; Scooter Libby convicted
of
perjury in Valerie Plame (Wilson) leak investigation; Seung-Hui Cho killed 27 at Virginia Tech 2007; Federal
Government took over Freddie
Mac and Fannie Mae mortgage finance companies and AIG insurance, Lehman
Brothers declared bankruptcy
in financial crisis, and Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) bailout approved
2008;
California Proposition 8
banned gay marriage; Bernard Madoff arrested for Ponzi scheme 2008
2008 : Barak Obama (Democrat) def. John McCain (Republican),
Ralph Nader (Green)
Nidal Malik Hasan
killed 13 at Fort Hood 2009;
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) passed
2010; Explosion on Deepwater
Horizon drilling platform in Gulf of Mexico 2010; Julian Assange's Wikileaks
published documents;
Simpson-Bowles commission recommended spending cuts; Representative Gabrielle Giffords
shot by Jared Loughner in Tucson 2011; Osama bin Laden killed by Navy
SEALs in Abbottabad, Pakistan 2011;
Tornado in Joplin, MO killed
160; Former IL Gov. Rod Blagojevich convicted for corruption; Atlantis flew
last space
shuttle mission 2011; Occupy Wall Street demonstrations; U.S. citizen Anwar
al-Awlaki killed by drone in Yemen;
WI Gov. Scott Walker survived
recall election 2012; Penn State football assistant
coach Jerry Sandusky convicted
of sexual abuse, and Head Coach Joe Paterno died 2012; James Holmes killed 12 at an
Aurora, CO movie theater;
Curiosity rover landed on
Mars; Ambassador Chris Stevens killed in Benghazi,
Libya; Operation Fast and Furious
gun-buying program
criticized; Hurricane Sandy killed 200 in Mid-Atlantic 2012; Adam Lanza shot 26 at Sandy
Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT
2012 : Barak Obama (Democrat) def. Mitt Romney (Republican),
Gary Johnson (Libertarian)
Bzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev bomb Boston
Marathon 2013; IRS executive Luis
Lerner apologized for
targeting conservative
groups; Edward Snowden leaked documents about surveillance programs; George
Zimmerman found not guilty for killing Trayvon Martin
in Sanford FL; Chelsea (formerly
Bradley) Manning
sentenced for leaks; Partial
government shutdown 2013; Janet Yellen confirmed as first female Federal
Reserve
chair 2014; Bowe Bergdahl freed in prisoner exchange with Taliban; Eric
Shinseki resigned over wait times at VA
hospitals; House Minority
Leader Eric Cantor lost in Primary to Tea Party; U.S. attacks Islamic State of
Iraq and Syria
(ISIS); Protests in Ferguson, MO after Michael Brown shot; Former VA
Governor Bob McDonnell convicted on
corruption (later overturned
by Supreme Court); U.S. sent troops to help fight Ebola outbreak in West
Africa; Blackwater
security guards convicted for
shootings in Iraq; One World Trade Center opened 2014; Former CIA Director
David
Petraeus pled guilty for
sharing classified information with biographer/lover; Dylann Roof killed 9 at Emanuel
African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, SC; Kim Davis jailed in Rowan County KY for not
Issuing same-sex marriage
licenses; New Horizons spacecraft flew by Pluto; Obama declined to support
Keystone XL oil pipeline;
State of emergency in Flint, MI due to lead levels in water supply 2016; Omar
Mateen killed
49 at the Pulse gay nightclub in Orlando, FL 2016; Zika virus transmitted by mosquitos in Miami;
Donald Trump won Republican
nomination over Ted Cruz, John Kasich, and others; Hillary Clinton won
Democratic nomination over
Bernie Sanders; FBI Director James Comey and Attorney
General Loretta Lynch
announced no charges in probe
of Clintons private e-mail server; Protests at Standing
Rock Indian Reservation in
ND of oil pipeline construction 2016; Russia suspected
of interfering in 2016 U.S. election
2016 : Donald Trump (Republican) def. Hillary Clinton (Democrat), Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green)
Vice Presidents
John Adams (Washington) : MA; first VP; elected President 1796
Thomas Jefferson (Adams) : VG; played little role in Adams Administration; drafted
Kentucky Resolutions for nullification 1798; elected President 1800
Aaron Burr (Jefferson) : NY; killed rival Alexander Hamilton in 1804 duel; purchased land in
Louisiana and planned to invade Spanish territory
George Clinton (Jefferson, Madison) : first NY governor; opposed ratifying Constitution; died in
office; Anti-Federalist
Elbridge Gerry (Madison) : anti-Federalist; gerrymandered MA districts while governor
Daniel Tompkins (Monroe) : NY governor during War of 1812
John Calhoun (JQ Adams, Jackson) : SC; House 1811-1817; Secretary of War 1817-1824; Vice
President 1825-1832; opposed tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and was first VP to resign; supported
nullification; Senate 1832-1848; Secretary of State 1841-1845; Senate again
Martin Van Buren (Jackson) : NY; as Secretary of State was rival of VP Calhoun; 1832 VP
nominee; elected President 1836
George Dallas (Polk): PA; minister to Russian and GB; cast deciding vote for Walker Tariff
Reductions
John Breckinridge (Buchanan) : KY; lost 1860 Presidential election; Secretary of War under Davis
Hannibal Hamlin (Lincoln) : ME; anti-slavery; supported Wilmot Proviso
Andrew Johnson (Lincoln) : TN; War Democrat who remained loyal to Union after TN secession;
became President when Lincoln shot
Schuyler Colfax (Grant) : NY/IN; Speaker of the House; not renominated for VP in 1872;
implicated in Credit Mobilier scandal
Henry Wilson (Grant) : NH; shoe worker; helped equip and train Union as chairman of Senate
Committee on Military Affairs
Adlai Stevenson (Cleveland) : KY; ran with Bryan in 1896; grandson lost 1952, 1956 elections
Charles Fairbanks (Roosevelt) : OH; negotiated US-Canada border 1898; ran with Hughes 1916
James Sherman (Taft) : NY; died just before 1912 election
Thomas Marshall (Wilson) : IN; said "What this country needs is a good five-cent cigar"
Charles Dawes (Coolidge) : OH; banker who created 1924 Dawes Plan to ease Germany's
reparations burden (later reduced by 1929 Young Plan); shared 1925 Nobel with Austen
Chamberlain
John Garner (Roosevelt) : TX; VP during FDR's first two terms but opposed his seeking a third
term; helped pass New Deal legislation
Henry Wallace (Roosevelt) : IA; VP during FDR's third term; asked to resign as Truman's
Commerce Secretary because he opposed hard-line stance against USSR; edited New
Republic; ran as Progressive candidate in 1948
Harry Truman (Roosevelt) : MO; Truman Committee in Senate uncovered fraud and waste in
defense; VP for 82 days before FDR died and he became President
Richard Nixon (Eisenhower) : campaigned against Communism; prosecuted Alger Hiss; lost CA
governor election; lost 1960 Presidential election but won in 1968 and 1972
Hubert Humphrey (LBJ) : SD/MN; proposed Peace Corps and Medicare; supported nuclear test
bans and civil rights; lost 1968 election
Spiro T. Agnew (Nixon) : MD; resigned over charges of bribery and tax evasion as governor
Gerald Ford (Nixon) : became VP after Agnew resigned and President after Nixon resigned;
pardoned Nixon
Nelson Rockefeller (Ford) : ME/NY; NY governor 1958-1974; Latin American expert
Walter Mondale (Carter) : MN; lost 1984 election
George Bush (Reagan) : ran for 1980 nomination; elected President 1988
Dan Quayle (Bush) : IN; Chairman of National Space Council; wrote Standing Firm
Al Gore (Clinton) : TN; lost 2000 election
Dick Cheney (GW Bush) : Secretary of Defense under
Bush
Joseph Biden (Obama) : Senator from DE
Mike Pence (Trump) : IN governor
Secretaries of State
Thomas Jefferson (Washington) : first secretary of state; differences with Hamilton over national
bank led to political parties - Federalist and Democratic-Republican
Edmond Randolph (Washington) : VG; proposed VG Plan for Constitution; resigned after false
bribery accusations; defended Burr in treason trial
Timothy Pickering (Washington) : MA; also postmaster and secretary of war; founded West Point
Henry Clay (JQ Adams) : VG/KY; War Hawk; Whig; proposed 1820 and 1850 slavery
compromises; lost 3 Presidential elections
Daniel Webster (Harrison, Tyler, Fillmore) : NH/MA; argued cases before Supreme Court; famous
orator; opposed nullification; opposed Mexican War
John Calhoun (Tyler, Polk) : SC
William Seward (Lincoln, Johnson) : NY; prevented European intervention in Civil War;
unsuccessful in annexations of Hawaii and Caribbean islands but bought Alaska from
Russia for $7.2 million
Hamilton Fish (Grant, Hayes) : NY; arbitrated Alabama claims in 1871 Treaty of Washington with
GB; settled San Juan boundary dispute with GB; persuaded US to recognize Cuban
insurrectionists
James Blaine (Garfield, Arthur) : PN/ME; "The Plumed Knight"; lost 1884 Presidential election
because of "Mugwumps" Republican defectors; protected US commercial interests in
Pacific and Latin America
John Hay (McKinley, Roosevelt) : co-authored two Lincoln biographies with John Nicolay;
negotiated Spanish-American War treaty; annexed Philippines; initiated Open Door policy
in China; signed Hay-Pauncefote and Hay-Buneau-Varilla treaties for Panama Canal
Elihu Root (Roosevelt) : NY; won 1912 Nobel; leading Republican supporter of League of
Nations
Philander Knox (Taft) : as attorney general won antitrust case against Northern Securities
William Jennings Bryan (Wilson) : IL/NE; advocated free silver coinage ("Cross of Gold" speech
1896); resigned in opposition to hostilities with Germany; lost 3 Presidential elections;
prosecuted 1925 Scopes trial
Charles Evans Hughes (Harding, Coolidge) : resigned from Supreme Court for 1916 Presidential
election but lost; secretary of state 1921-1925; Chief Justice 1930-1941
Frank Kellogg (Coolidge) : shared 1929 Nobel with Arisitide Briand for 1928 Kellogg-Briand
Treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy
Cordell Hull (FDR) : TN; signed many treaties with Latin America; met often with GB and USSR
ministers during WWII; supported founding UN; 1945 Nobel
Edward Stettinius (FDR) : first US delegate to UN
James Byrnes (Truman) : SC; resigned from Supreme Court to head WWII economic
commissions; represented US in peace talks; wrote Speaking Frankly and All in One Lifetime
George Marshall (Truman) : PN; served in WWI and WWII as general; authored European
Recovery Program; 1953 Nobel
Dean Acheson (Truman) : implemented Marshall Plan; helped found NATO; advised against US
involvement in Vietnam
John Foster Dulles (Eisenhower) : helped establish European Defense Community, SEATO; and
Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organization); threatened "massive nuclear retaliation" against
Communism
Dean Rusk (JFK, LBJ) : GA; chairman of Rockefeller Foundation; supported US involvement in
Vietnam
William Rogers (Nixon) : arranged Suez truce 1970; headed Challenger investigation committee
Henry Kissinger (Nixon, Ford) : German-born; national security advisor; shared 1973 Nobel with
Le Duc Tho for Vietnam cease-fire; negotiated Egypt-Israel disengagement
Cyrus Vance (Carter) : WV; LBJ's secretary of defense; important in 1980 Camp David accords;
resigned in protest of Iran hostage rescue attempt; later mediated in South Africa and Bosnia
Edmund Muskie (Carter) : ME senator; Humphrey's VP candidate
Alexander Haig (Reagan) : PN; NATO commander; opposed Soviet expansion; resigned 1982;
wrote How America Changed the World
George Shultz (Reagan) : NY; Nixon's secretary of the treasury; head of Bechtel Corporation
Jim Baker (Bush) : TX; Reagan's secretary of the treasury; organized 1991 Mideast Peace Conference
Lawrence Eagleburger (Bush)
Warren Christopher (Clinton) : SD; member of LA riot committees in 1960s and 1990s
Madeleine Albright (Clinton) : born in Prague; first woman secretary of state; UN representative
Colin Powell (GW Bush) : first black chairmen of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff under Bush
Condoleezza Rice (GW Bush) : first female National
Security Advisor; first female African-American
Secretary of State; provost at Stanford
Hillary Rodham Clinton (Obama) : NY Senator; First
Lady; 2016 Democratic Presidential nominee
John Kerry (Obama) : MA Senator, 2004 Democratic
Presidential nominee
Rex Tillerson (Trump) : Exxon CEO
Secretaries of the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton (Washington) : born in Nevis; first treasury secretary; paid off national debt
and assumed states' revolutionary debts; established national bank; supported high tariffs;
killed in duel by Burr
Albert Gallatin (Jefferson, Madison) : born in Geneva; PN senator; reduced debt; supported
Louisiana Purchase; opposed war; founded American Ethnological Society
George Dallas (Madison)
Salmon P. Chase (Lincoln) : NH/OH; helped found Free-Soil and Republican parties; appointed
chief justice 1864
Andrew Mellon (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover) : PN; founded steel plant in Donora; refunded
European debts and reduced US debt; left art collection that became National Gallery of Art
Henry Morgenthau Jr.(FDR) : NY; implemented FDR's New Deal and WWII monetary policies
for 11 years; wrote Germany Is Our Problem
Donald Regan (Reagan)
James Baker (Reagan)
Nicholas Brady (Reagan, Bush)
Lloyd Bentsen (Clinton) : TX
Robert Rubin (Clinton)
Lawrence Summers (Clinton)
Paul O'Neill (GW Bush)
Timothy Geithner (Obama) : Oversaw Troubled Asset
Relief Program (TARP) after Financial Crisis
Attorneys General
Edmund Randolph (Washington) : VG; first attorney general
William Wirt (Monroe, JQ Adams) : ran as Anti-Masonic candidate in 1832 election
H. Mitchell Palmer (Wilson) : arrested 2700 suspected Communists in 1920
Will Rogers (Eisenhower) : vigorously enforced civil rights laws and school integration
Robert Kennedy (JFK, LBJ) : MA/NY; enforced civil rights laws; investigated Jimmy Hoffa;
assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan while campaigning for President in CA
John Mitchell (Nixon) : imprisoned for Watergate charges
Richard Kleindienst (Nixon) : criticized for not fully investigating Watergate; resigned 1973
Elliot Richardson (Nixon) : resigned rather fire Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox in 1973
Saturday Night Massacre
William Saxbe (Nixon, Ford)
William Smith (Reagan)
Edwin Meese (Reagan)
Richard Thornburgh (Reagan, Bush)
William Barr (Bush)
Janet Reno (Clinton) : first woman attorney general; criticized for Waco incident
John Ashcroft (GW Bush) : MO; lost 2000 senate
election to deceased Mel Carnahan
Alberto Gonzales (GW Bush) : First Hispanic Attorney
General
Eric Holder (Obama)
Loretta Lynch (Obama)
Jefferson Session (Trump) : AL Senator
Secretaries of Defense
Robert McNamara (JFK, LBJ) : CA; president of Ford; initially supported involvement in
Vietnam but then sought peace; resigned to head World Bank
Caspar Weinberger (Reagan)
Dick Cheney (Bush) : NE/WY; proposed cutting $10 billion from defense budget; planned Persian
Gulf War strategy
Les Aspen (Clinton)
William Perry (Clinton)
William Cohen (Clinton)
Donald Rumsfeld (Ford and GW Bush) : led wars in
Afghanistan and Iraq
Robert Gates (GW Bush and Obama)
James Mattis (Trump)
Secretaries of War
Henry Knox (Washington) : MA; first secretary of war; brigadier general in Revolution
John Calhoun (Monroe)
Edwin Stanton (Lincoln, Johnson) : OH; opposed Johnson's leniency in Reconstruction; his
removal in violation of the Tenure of Office Act led to Johnson's impeachment
Secretaries of the Interior
Richard Ballinger (Taft) : IA; accused of being too lenient in conservationism by Louis Glavis and
Gifford Pinchot
Albert Fall (Harding) : KY/NM; accepted bribe for use of Teapot Dome WY and Elk Hills CA land
Bruce Babbit (Clinton) : CA; AZ governor
Secretaries of Agriculture
Mike Espy (Clinton) : investigated for accepting bribe from Tyson Foods
Dan Glickman (Clinton)
Ann Veneman (GW Bush)
Secretaries of Labor
Frances Perkins (FDR) : first woman Cabinet member
Elizabeth Dole (Bush)
Robert Reich (Clinton)
Alexis Herman (Clinton) : investigated for kickbacks but cleared
Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
Oveta Culp Hobby (Eisenhower)
Secretaries of Commerce
Ron Brown (Clinton) : DNC chairman; died in plane crash in former Yugoslavia
Mickey Kantor (Clinton)
William Daley (Clinton)
Norman Mineta (Clinton)
Donald Evans (GW Bush)
Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
Robert Weaver (LBJ) : first HUD secretary and first black Cabinet member
Chief Justices of the Supreme Court
1789 - 1795 John Jay : NY; negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty; wrote Federalist with
Hamilton and Madison; resigned from Court to be NY governor
1795 - 1795 John Rutledge : SC; never confirmed by Senate because he opposed Jay's Treaty
1796 - 1801 Oliver Ellsworth : CT; introduced CT Compromise with Roger Sherman; left court to
negotiate trade with Napoleon
1801 - 1835 John Marshall : VA; established court's right to review legislation with Marbury v.
Madison; favored federal power in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden;
acquitted Burr of treason
1836 - 1864 Roger Taney : MD; refused confirmation as Jackson's treasury secretary and as court
justice; overturned federal law for second time ever in Dred Scott v. Samford
1864 - 1873 Salmon P. Chase : OH; anti-slavery; presided at Johnson's impeachment; dissented in
Slaughterhouse cases; opposed greenbacks
1874 - 1888 Morrison Waite : OH; resolved Alabama claims; favored states' rights; upheld
grangers' laws in Munn v. Illinois
1888 - 1910 Melville Fuller : IL; broadened court's powers; served on Permanent Court on
Arbitration
1910 - 1921 Edward White : LA; generally supported government in antitrust cases but used "rule
of reason" to weaken enforcement; dissolved Standard Oil and American Tobacco
1921 - 1930 William Howard Taft : CT; secured passage of Judiciary Act of 1925 and separate
Supreme Court building; leader of conservative faction with Holmes, Brandeis, and Stone
dissenting
1930 - 1941 Charles Evans Hughes : NY; associate justice 1910-1916; lost Presidential election
1916; appointed chief justice 1930; upheld many New Deal programs such as National Labor
Relations Act
1941 - 1946 Harlan Stone : NY; generally supported New Deal
1946 - 1953 Fred Vinson : KY; generally supported Fair Deal
1953 - 1969 Earl Warren : CA; liberal "Warren Court" made many important decisions in civil
rights and constitutional rights (Brown, Miranda, Roth, Mapp, Engle, Gideon); Warren
Commission determined Oswald acted alone
1969 - 1986 Warren Burger : VA; very conservative
1986 - 2005 William Rehnquist : AZ; conservative;
supports judicial restraint
2005 - ? John Roberts Jr. :
MD; conservative but sided with majority in upholding most of the
Affordable Care Act in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
Selected Associate Justices
First female justice - Sandra Day O'Connor
First black justice - Thurgood Marshall
First Jewish justice - Louis Brandeis
First Hispanic justice - Sonia Sotomayor
Longest serving justice - William Douglas (1939-1975)
Justice who resigned to run for presidency - Charles Hughes
Speakers of the House
1789 - 1791, 1793 - 1795 Frederick Muhlenberg : PA; Federalist; Lutheran pastor; first Speaker
1791 - 1793 Jonathan Trumbull : CT; Federalist; only colonial governor to support independence
1811 - 1814, 1815 - 1820, 1823 - 1825 Henry Clay : KY; Dem-Rep; Missouri Compromise
1834 - 1835 John Bell : TN; Democrat
1835 - 1839 James Polk : TN; Democrat
1863 - 1869 Schyler Colfax : IN; Republican
1869 - 1875 James Blaine; ME; Republican
1903 - 1911 Joseph Cannon; IL; Republican; appointed allies and blocked reforms; power limited
by Democrats and George Norris in 1910
1940 - 1947, 1949 - 1953, 1955 - 1961 Sam Rayburn; TX; Democrat; 48 years in House and 17
years as Speaker both records
1947 - 1949, 1953 - 1955 Joseph Martin Jr : MA; Republican
1962 - 1971 John McCormack : MA; Democrat
1971 - 1977 Carl Albert : OK; Democrat
1977 - 1987 Thomas "Tip" O'Neill Jr : MA; Democrat; opposed Reagan; wrote Man of the House
1987 - 1989 James Wright : TX; Democrat; moderate; resigned amid allegations of ethics
violations
1989 - 1995 Thomas Foley : WA; Democrat
1995 - 1999 Newt Gingrich : GA; Republican; engineered "Contract with America", bringing
Republicans control of the House for the first time in 40 years
1999 - 2007 J. Dennis Hastert; IL; Republican; elected Speaker after Livingston
resigned;
convicted 2016 for evading financial reporting related to his alleged victim of
sexual abuse
2007 - 2011 Nancy Pelosi; CA; Democrat; first female Speaker
2011 - 2015 John Boehner; OH; Republican
2015 - ? Paul Ryan; WI; Republican; 2012 Republican
Vice-Presidential nominee
Senate Floor Leaders
Robert Taft (1953 Majority) : OH Republican; "Mr. Republican"; isolationist; co-sponsor of Taft-
Hartley Act limiting labor unions
Lyndon B Johnson (1953-1955 Minority, 1955-1961 Majority) : TX Democrat
Everett Dirksen (1959-1969 Minority) : IL Republican; supported civil rights legislation
Robert Byrd (1977-1981 Majority, 1981-1987 Minority) : WV Democrat; conservative Democrat
Howard Baker Jr (1977-1981 Minority, 1981-1985 Majority) : TN Republican; investigated
Watergate; married Nancy Kassebaum
Robert Dole (1985-1987 and 1995-1996 Majority, 1987-1995 Minority) : KS Republican; lost
1996 Presidential election
George Mitchell (1989-1995 Majority) : ME Democrat; declined Supreme Court appointment
Thomas Daschle (1995-2005 Minority and Majority) : SD
Democrat
Trent Lott (1996-2001 Minority, 2001-2002 Majority) :
MS Republican; resigned after controversial
remarks about segregation
Harry Reid (2005-2017 Minority and Majority) : NV
Democrat
Mitch McConnell (2007-2015 Minority, 2015-? Majority) :
KY Republican
Other Notable Early Senators
Henry Clay, KY, 1806-07, 1810-11, 1831-42, 1849-52; "Great
Compromiser" (1820 Missouri Compromise,
Compromise
of 1850), advocated "American System" of tariffs and strong national
bank; Presidential
candidate
1824, 1832, 1844
Daniel Webster, MA, 1827-41, 1845-50; Whig; wanted to preserve Union; great
orator; "Reply to Hayne" speech
John Calhoun, SC, 1832-43, 1845-50; proponent of states' rights, nullification,
and opposition to high tariffs
Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follete, Sr., WI,
1906-25; founded Progressive Party; opponent of railroad trusts, bossism,
WW I, and League of Nations
Arthur Vandenberg, MI, 1928-51; isolationist prior to WWII; then supported UN,
NATO, and Marshall Plan
Robert Wagner, NY, 1928-49; Wagner Act protected rights of laborers and labor
unions
Joseph McCarthy, WI, 1947-57; sought to expose alleged communists;
"McCarthyism"
Notable Governors
AL, George Wallace, D, 1963-67, 1971-79, 1983-87; American Independent Party
1968 Presidential nominee;
"segregation
now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"; paralyzed when shot by
Arthur Bremer
AK, Sarah Palin, 2006-09, R; Republican Vice-Presidential nominee 2008
AZ, Janet Napolitano, 2003-09, D; later Sec. of Homeland Security, President of
Univ. of California
AR, Orval Faubus, 1955-67, D; tried to prevent
"Little Rock Nine" from integrating Little Rock Central High School
AR, Bill Clinton, 1979-81, 83-93, D; later U.S. President 1993-2001
AR, Mike Huckabee, 1996-2007, R; minister; ran for Republican Presidential
nomination 2008 and 2016
CA, Leland Stanford, 1862-63, R; railroad president; founder of Stanford
University
CA, Earl Warren, 1943-1953, R; later Supreme Court chief justice 1953-1969
CA, Ronald Reagan, 1967-75, R; movie star (Knute Rockne, All American); later U.S. President 1981-1989
CA, Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown, Jr. 1975-83, 2011-?,
D; son of CA Gov. "Pat" Brown Sr.; longest term as CA Gov.
CA, Pete Wilson, 1991-99, R; previously a senator and San Diego mayor
CA, Gray Davis, 1999-2003, D; removed from office by recall election during
budget crisis
CA, Arnold Schwarzenegger, 2003-11, R; bodybuilder, movie star (Terminator); replaced Davis in recall
FL, Jeb Bush, 1999-2007, R; brother of President George W. Bush; son of George
H.W. Bush
FL, Charlie Crist, 2007-11, R / I; switched from Republican to Independent and
later Democratic
FL, Rick Scott, 2011-?, R
GA, Jimmy Carter, 1971-75, D; later U.S. President 1977-1981; graduated Naval
Academy; peanut farmer
IL, Adlai Stevenson, 1949-53, D; grandson of VP Adlai Stevenson; Democratic
Presidential nominee 1952 and 56
IL, George Ryan, 1999-2003, R; imposed moratorium on executions; convicted of
corruption
IL, Rod Blagojevich, 2003-09, D; impeached and convicted for corruption;
solicited bribes for Senate appointment
IN, Evan Bayh, 1989-97, D; later U.S. Senator
IN, Mike Pence, 2013-17, R; later U.S. Vice-President 2017-?
KS, Sam Brownback, 2011-?, R; cut taxes but led to
budget deficit
LA, Huey Long, 1928-32, D, "The Kingfish", Share Our Wealth plan,
later U.S. Senator, assassinated by Carl Weiss
LA, Kathleen Blanco, 2004-08, D; criticized for handling of Hurricane Katrina
LA, Piyush "Bobby" Jindal, 2008-16, R; first Indian-American
governor; youngest President of Universities of LA
MD, Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, 1632-1675; Proprietor of the MD Colony;
son of George Calvert, 1st Baron
Baltimore;
Catholic
MD, Spiro T. Agnew, 1967-69, R; later U.S. Vice-President 1969-73; resigned due
to bribery charges
MA, John Carver, Gov. of New Plymouth Colony, 1620-21; wrote Mayflower Compact
MA, William Bradford, Gov. of New Plymouth Colony, intermittently 1621-57;
wrote Of Plimoth
Plantation
MA, John Winthrop, MA Bay Colony, 1629-34, 1637-40, 1642-44, 1646-49; wrote of
Puritan "city upon a hill"
MA, John Hancock, 1780-85, 1787-93; President of Second Continental Congress;
first to sign Dec. of Independence
MA, Samuel Adams, 1793-97; second cousin of John Adams; devised committee of
correspondence to oppose Britain
MA, Elbridge Gerry, 1810-12, Dem.-Rep.; later U.S. VP 1813-14; namesake of
"gerrymandering" electoral districts
MA, Edward Everett, 1836-40, Whig; later Sec. of State 1852-53; famous orator,
spoke for 2 hours at Gettysburg
MA, Calvin Coolidge, 1919-21, R; later U.S. President 1923-29; responded to
Boston Police Strike 1919
MA, Michael Dukakis, 1975-79, 1983-91, D; Greek-American; Democratic Presidential
nominee 1988
MA, William Weld, 1991-97, R; Libertarian V.P. nominee 2016
MA, Willard Mitt Romney, 2003-07, R; Republican Presidential nominee 2012; CEO
of 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics
MI, George Romney, 1963-69, R; later Sec. of HUD 1969-73; President of American
Motors Corp; father of Mitt Romney
MI, William Milliken, 1969-83, R
MI, Jennifer Granholm, 2003-11, D
MI, Rick Snyder, 2011-?, R; criticized for lead water
crisis in Flint
MO, John Ashcroft, 1985-93, R; later U.S. Senator and Attorney General 2001-05
MO, Mel Carnahan, 1993-2000, D; died in office in small plane crash; elected
posthumously as U.S. Senator
NE, Ben Nelson, 1991-99, D; later U.S. Senator; conservative Democrat
NJ, William Paterson, 1790-93, Federalist; signed Constitution; later Supreme
Court justice
NJ, Woodrow Wilson, 1911-13, D; later U.S. President 1913-1921; President of
Princeton
NJ, Christine Todd Whitman, 1994-2001, R; later Administrator of EPA 2001-03
NJ, Chris Christie, 2010-?, R; praised for Hurricane
Sandy response; criticized for Fort Lee lane closure "Bridgegate"
scandal;
ran for Republican Presidential nomination 2016
NM, Gary Johnson, 1995-2003, R; Libertarian Presidential nominee 2012 and 2016;
climbed Seven Summits
NM, Bill Richardson, 2003-11, D; later UN Ambassador and Sec. of Energy
1998-2001
NM, Susana Martinez, 2011-?, R; first Hispanic woman
governor
NY, Peter Minuit, Director New Netherland, 1626-32; bought Manhattan from
Lenape Indians; founded New Sweden
NY, Peter Stuyvesant, Director New Netherland, 1647-64; expanded New Amsterdam;
built wall on Wall Street
NY, George Clinton, 1777-95, 1801-04, Dem.-Rep.; later U.S. VP 1805-12
NY, John Jay, 1795-1801; previously first Supreme Court Chief Justice 1789-95;
Federalist leader
NY, Daniel Tompkins, 1807-17, Dem.-Rep.; later U.S. VP 1817-25
NY, DeWitt Clinton, 1817-22, 1825-28, Dem.-Rep.; nephew of George Clinton;
built Erie Canal; 1812 Presidential candidate
NY, Martin Van Buren, 1829, D; resigned in 2 months to be Sec. of State
1829-31, later VP 1833-37 and President 1837-41
NY, William Seward, 1839-42, Whig; previously U.S. Senator and later Sec. of
State 1861-69; opposed slavery
NY, Hamilton Fish, 1849-50, Whig; later U.S. Senator and Sec. of State 1869-77
NY, Horatio Seymour, 1853-54, 1863-64, D; Democratic Presidential nominee 1868
NY, Samuel Tilden, 1875-76, D; Democratic Presidential nominee 1876; fought
Tammany Hall
NY, Grover Cleveland, 1883-85, D; later U.S. President 1851-89, 1893-73;
opposed by Tammany Hall
NY, Levi P. Morton, 1895-96, R; previously U.S. VP 1889-93; ally of Roscoe
Conkling
NY, Theodore Roosevelt, 1899-1900, R; later U.S. VP 1901 and President 1901-09;
leader of Progressive Movement;
Rough
Rider in Cuba during Spanish-American War
NY, Charles Evans Hughes, 1907-10, R; later Supreme Court justice and Chief
Justice 1930-41; 1916 Republican
Presidential
nominee; Sec. of State 1921-25; defeated William Randolph Hearst in Gov.
election
NY, Alfred E. Smith, 1919-20, 1923-28, D; Democratic Presidential nominee 1928
(first Catholic); Efficiency Movement
NY, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1929-32, D; later U.S. President 1933-45; 1920
Republican V.P. nominee; contracted polio
NY, Thomas Dewey, 1943-54, R; Republican Presidential nominee 1944 and 1948
(upset by Truman)
NY, Nelson Rockefeller, 1959-73, R; later U.S. VP 1974-77 (appt. under 25th
Amendment); moderate "Rockefeller
Republicans";
grandson of Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller
NY, Mario Cuomo, 1983-94, D; liberal; declined to run for Presidential
nomination
NY, George Pataki, 1995-2006, R; governor during September 11 attacks
NY, Eliot Spitzer, 2007-08, D; resigned due to prostitution scandal
NY, Andrew Cuomo, 2011-?, D; son of NY Gov. Mario
Cuomo
OH, Salmon P. Chase, 1856-60, R; later U.S. Senator, Sec. of Treasury 1861-64, Chief
Justice of Supreme Court 1864-73
OH, Rutherford B. Hayes, 1868-72, 1876-77, R; later U.S. President 1877-81;
Union Army officer
OH, William McKinley, 1892-96, R; later U.S. President 1897-1901; Advisor Mark
Hanna; as Representative proposed
McKinley
Tariff 1890; assassinated by Leon Czolgosz
OH, James M. Cox, 1913-15, 1917-21, D; Democratic Presidential nominee 1920;
Cox Enterprises newspapers
OH, John Kasich, 2011-?, R; ran for Republican
Presidential nomination 2000 and 2016
PN, William Penn, 1681-92, 1694-1718, proprietor and founder of Pennsylvania;
Quaker; supported religious freedom
PN, Benjamin Franklin, 1785-88, President of the Supreme Council; scientist
(studied electricity), inventor;
published
Poor Richard's Almanack; ambassador
to France
PN, Thomas Mifflin, 1788-99; first PN state gov.; previously Quartermaster
Gen.; delegate to Constitutional Convention
PN, Gifford Pinchot, 1923-27, 1931-35, R; previously Chief of U.S. Forestry
Service
PN, Tom Ridge, 1995-2001, R; later first Sec. of Homeland Security 2003-05
RI, Roger Williams, 1654-57, Pres. of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations; expelled by Puritans in MA
SC, Francis W. Pickens, 1860-62, D; governor during succession; cousin of John
Calhoun
SC, J. Strom Thurmond, 1947-51, D; later U.S. Senator; 1948 States Rights
Democratic Party Presidential nominee
SC, Nikki Haley, 2011-17; later UN ambassador 2017-?
TN, Sam Houston, 1827-29, Dem.-Rep.; later general, President, and governor in
Texas
TN, James Polk, 1839-41, D; later U.S. President 1845-49; previously Speaker of
the House
TN, Andrew Johnson, 1853-57, 1862-65, D; later U.S. Senator, VP 1865 and President 1865-69; opposed secession;
military
governor of TN after most retaken by Union
TX, David G. Burnet, 1836, first (interim) President of the Republic of Texas
TX, Sam Houston, 1836-38, 1841-44, President of the Republic of Texas; 1859-61
Governor; led defeat of Santa Ana
at
Battle of San Jacinto; as governor opposed secession; previously governor of TN
TX, Mirabeau Lamar, 1838-41, President of the Republic of Texas
TX, Anson Jones, 1844-46, last President of the Republic of Texas;
"Architect of Annexation"
TX, John B. Connally, 1963-69, D; wounded in assassination of President John F.
Kennedy in Dallas
TX, Ann Richards, 1991-95, D; gave keynote address at the 1988 Democratic
National Convention
TX, George W. Bush, 1995-2000, R; later U.S. President 2001-2009; son of
President George H.W. Bush
TX, Rick Perry, 2000-15, R; later Sec. of Energy 2017-?;
ran for Republican Presidential nomination 2012 and 2016
TX, Greg Abbott, 2015-?, R; paralyzed by falling oak tree
UT, Brigham Young, 1849-57; 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints; founded Salt Lake City
UT, Jon Huntsman, 2005-09, R; later ran for Republican Presidential nomination
2012; ambassador to China
VA, Edward Wingfield, 1607-08, First Council President of Virginia Colony
(Jamestown)
VA, John Smith, 1608-09, Council President of Virginia Colony (Jamestown);
possibly saved by Pocahontas
VA, Patrick Henry, 1776-79; "Give me liberty, or give me death!"
speech
VA, Thomas Jefferson, 1779-81; later Sec. of State 1790-93, U.S. VP 1797-1801,
U.S. President 1801-09; primary
author
of the Declaration of Independence; home at Monticello
VA, James Monroe, 1799-1802, Dem.-Rep.; later Sec. of State 1811-17, U.S.
President 1817-25
VA, John Tyler, Jr. 1825-27, Dem.-Rep.; later U.S. Senator, VP 1841, and
President 1841-45
VA, John Letcher, 1860-64, D; governor during secession and Civil War
VA, L. Douglas Wilder, 1990-94, D; first African-American governor of any U.S.
state since Reconstruction
VA, George Allen, 1994-98, R; later U.S. Senator
VA, Tim Kaine, 2006-10, D; later U.S. Senator; 2016 Democratic VP nominee
VA, Bob McDonnell, 2010-14, R; convicted of corruption but overturned by
Supreme Court in McDonnell v. United
States
WV, John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV, 1977-85, D; later U.S. Senator;
Great-grandson of John D. Rockefeller
WI, Robert La Follette, Sr., 1901-06, R; later U.S. Senator; 1924 Progressive
Party Presidential nominee
WI, Scott Walker, 2011-?, R; survived 2012 recall
election after limiting collective bargaining of public employees