Taiwan

[March 2026]

THIS PAGE IS STILL A WORK IN PROGRESS

Pingtung (屏東) is the largest town (approximative pop. 195,000) of the Pingtung County (屏東縣), the administrative division of Taiwan located to the east of the Kaohsiung municipality municipality. Jiadong (佳冬) is a small town in the Pingtung County, situated about 30km south of Pingtung City. This page shows photos I took in those two towns in March 2026. To see the locations of the places pictured in these photos, click here. A Google map with markers will then open in a new tab. Red markers point to places in Pingtung, while blue markers indicate those in Jiadong.

Pingtung (屏東)

Ahou City East gate (阿猴城東門) and around:

This is the last remaining gate from the former city (called Ahou, 阿猴) built during the Qing Dynasty. The city of Ahou had four gates connected by defensive walls. Urban modification during the Japanese Era, led to their quasi-total destruction, leaving only the East gate, which still stands at its original location. It consists of a red-brick structure with walls made of cobblestones.

Although Pingtung is a vibrant modern city, the area around the gate still features charming quiet village-style streets.

Cifeng temple (屏東慈鳳宮):

This Mazu temple was built in 1717 when the city was called Ahou. So, the temple is also known as the Ahou Mazu temple, and its main deity is also called Ahou Mazu. It was reconstructed in 1825. Partial reconstructions, additions and renovations were made more recently. In 1983, fire destroyed the front and rear halls. They were rebuilt in 2002.

Moon gate and wall decoration inside the temple. The decoration in the third photo below is a wood carving illustrating a popular Chinese tale about the blessing of fertility and successful offspring.

Main altar dedicated to Mazu.

Altar dedicated to Guanyin.

Altar dedicated to the Jade Emperor (玉皇上帝).

Left: The Lord of the Southern Dipper (南斗星君). Right: The Lord of the Northern Dipper (北斗星君). According to tradition, the Southern Dipper governs life, while the Northern Dipper governs death.

Other deties.

Urns in the cinerarium of the temple.

Portions of the roof of the temple.

Pingtung Confucius Temple (屏東孔廟):

A Confucius Academy (school) originally built in 1814 at a different location, was subsequently relocated to the current location of this temple. Over time, the academy buildings fell into disrepair. However, in 1979, they were fully restored and repurposed to serve as a Confucius temple. Consequently, this temple has smaller and less elaborate buildings than most other Confucius temples in Taiwan. Nevertheless, their layout is similar, with a front hall, a rear hall, and east and west halls, all in an enclosed courtyard (here the courtyard is divided into two parts, connected by moon gates). Due to their smaller dimensions, the contents of the halls are also slightly unusual. In particular, the front hall, which fulfills a function similar to that of a classical Dacheng hall, houses only four tablets (see below).

Gate of the temple opening in the courtyard.

Front hall of the temple, a much smaller structure than a classical Dacheng hall. Note the two moon gates on either side of the hall. They give access to the other part of the courtyard and the rear hall.

Inside the front hall are the spirit tablets of Confucius and his four main disciples, the Four Sages (四配). The tablets of the Twelve Philosophers (十二哲) are housed in the rear hall.

Close-up of the Wenchang Pen (文昌笔) that sits on the table facing the five spirit tablets. A symbol of intellectual excellence, this pen is named after Wenchang Dijun (文昌帝君), the Taoist God of Culture and Education. Its presence here serves as a fitting reminder of the building's former vocation as an academy.

Decorations on beams of the front hall.

Dongshan temple (東山寺):

Originally built in 1924, this temple is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Japanese Rinzai School of Zen Buddhism. It enshrines Shakyamuni Buddha (born Siddhartha Gautama), the historical founder of Buddhism.

Statue of Guanyin riding an elephant, in the garden facing the temple. It conveys symbols of power, stability, and wisdom.

Seven-story pagoda, called the ″Anle Pagoda of the Ziyun Mountain″ (紫云山安乐塔), in the temple compound. It was built in 1970.

Altar in the main hall. The three statues represent three manifestations of Buddha.

Protective deities of the Dharma guarding the Buddhas. They likely represent the Bodhisattva Weituo (韋馱菩薩) on the left and the Bodhisattva Galama (关帝) on the right.

Qi'an Buddhist temple (祈安佛堂):

Originally built in 1957, it is mainly dedicated to Guanyin, the highly popular and much worshipped bodhisattva of compassion, mercy, and kindness, often called the ″Goddess of Mercy″. One of the striking feature of this temple is the large number of statues in s

Statue of Guanyin with her two attendants: Longnu (龍女) on the left and Shancai (善財童子) on the right.

Jade Emperor temple (屏東 玉皇宮 (天公廟)):

This temple was first opened to the public in 1976. New halls, added between 1993 and 1999, gave it the appearance it retains to this day. It is a vast three-story temple housing seven major halls, which enshrine a large number of deities. A striking feature of this temple is the unusually high number of small, colorful statues of ″minor″ deities, positioned in front of the altars where the statues of the principal deities stand.

Altar of Yuanshi Tianzun (元始天尊). He is the foremost among the "Three Pure Ones" (三清), the supreme deities of Taoism. He is an integral part of the Tao and therefore the source of all existence in the universe. The two smaller altars on either side of the main altar are shown in the two photos that follow.

- Left: The statue standing at the back represents Daode Tianzun (道德天尊), who holds the third rank among the "Three Pure Ones" (三清). He is the Supreme Lord of Morality. The other large statue, located in the center-left of the same photo, is the goddess Nuwa (女媧娘娘). She is revered as the Mother of the Earth and the ancestress of humanity.

- Right: The statue at the rear depicts Lingbao Tianzun (靈寶天尊), who holds the second rank among the "Three Pure Ones". He embodies the harmonious energy of the universe, the balance of Yin and Yang, and the natural order. The other large statue, positioned toward the center-right of the photo is Pangu, the Sacred Ancestor. He is the most revered creator deity in Taoist mythology. When the universe was still in chaos, he separated Heavens and Earth. His body then transformed into all existing things.

Altar of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva (地藏王菩薩), one of the ″Four Great Bodhisattvas″ revered in both Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism. He is often referred to as the ″Lord of the Underworld″, due to his vow to not attain Buddhahood until he has liberated all beings trapped in hell realms. He is known as Jizo in Japanese Buddhism.

Xuanyuan, the Yellow Emperor (軒轅黃帝), revered as the ″Progenitor of Chinese Civilization″.

Left: The Lord of the Southern Dipper (南斗星君). Right: The Lord of the Northern Dipper (北斗星君). According to the Taoist tradition, they respectively govern life and death.

- Left: Altar of Zhu Wen Gong (朱文公), the posthumous name of Zhu Xi (朱熹, 1130–1200), also known as Master Zhu. He is regarded as a great synthesizer of Confucian thoughts.

- Right: Hongjun Laozu (鴻鈞老祖), a fictional supreme deity portrayed in literature as the mentor of the "Three Pure Ones" (see above).

Altar featuring statues of three classical manifestations of Buddha.

Statues of two warriors, protectors of the Dharma, on the roof of the temple.

Fresco depicting three deities in its center. From right to left, they are: the God of Fortune, Fu (福星); the God of Prosperity, Lu (祿星); and the God of Longevity, Shou (壽星). In this temple, this triad is referred to as 財子壽 (Cai Zǐ Shou), meaning ″Wealth, Sons, Longevity″. On other places, this same triad is often called 三星 (Sānxīng), which means ″Three Stars″. In both cases, it symbolizes the ultimate blessings in Chinese culture: wealth, social status, and long life.

Zongshenggong Ancestral temple (宗聖公祠):

Built in 1929 and restored in 2013, this temple is the ancestral temple of a wealthy Hakka family. It consists of two halls and two wings, with the addition of two Western-style pavilions on an upper floor. The entrance hall serves as a gathering place. The rear hall houses the shrine where the main family spirit tablet is presented. An open area separates the two halls, flanked on either side by shrines located at the center of the wings. These shrines house additional spirit tablets and are accessed from the open area.

Scale model of the temple.

Archway adorned with sculptures of lions, the entrance to the temple.

Facade of the front hall. The red-brick facades are those of the two wings.

Pottery sculptures on the facade of the right wing.

Decorations of the roof.

The rear hall seen from the front hall.

Shrine in the rear hall.

Plaques hanging in the rear hall. The top one reads 義地經天, which translates to ″Righteousness pervades the heavens″.

Ceiling decorations in the rear hall.

Decorations on the side walls of the rear hall.

View of the shrine in the left wing, seen from the open area between the front and rear halls. The circular dome of the left pavilions is partially visible.

Spirit tablet in the shrine in the right wing, also accessed from the central open area.

Wanfu temple (屏東市一心里-萬福宮):

Founded in 1954, this temple was reconstructed in 1987 and renovated in 2000. It was originally dedicated to ″Bogong″ (伯公), the affectionate name of the Earth God given by the Hakka people. Then other deities were invited in the temple: Marshal Xie Fu (謝府元帥), a renowned general named Xie (343-388) during the Eastern Jin Dynasty who was deified as a guardian deity, the Heavenly Holy Mother Tiensheng Shengmu (天上聖母), and Lord Chi Fu (池府王爺), a prominent deity in the Wangye (王爺) folk religious tradition of southern Taiwan.

Facade and joss paper burner of the temple.

Main altar.

Octagonal dome-shaped ceiling adorned at its center with a Ying and Yang trigram and, on its eight side-panels, with traditional Chinese figures.

Pingtung County Martyrs' Shrine (屏東縣忠烈祠):

A Martyr’s Shrine in Taiwan is a memorial site dedicated to honoring those who sacrificed their lives for the Republic of China (ROC), including soldiers of the 1911 Revolution, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Chinese Civil War. It houses spirit tablets of persons killed during these events. The most prominent such shrine is the National Martyr’s Shrine in Taipei. The one in Pingtung, built in 1967, is more modest and smaller.

Archway gate in front of the shrine.

Exterior views of the shrine's hall.

Pingtung City God temple (屏東都城隍廟):

Originally built in 1964, this temple was reconstructed in 1986. A new hall, the hall of the Five Gods of Wealth, was added in 2006. The main deity is the City God (城隍, ″Chenghuang″). He is regarded as a divine magistrate who protects the city, helps its human officials to make the right decisions, weighs the moral character of the city's inhabitants when they die, and decides the kind of afterlife they deserve. There are about 100 City God temples in Taiwan.

Facade of the temple.

Main altar dedicated to the City God, surrounded by civil and military judges assisting him.

Statues of four generals standing before the altar of the City God. From left to right, they represent General Ma (馬將軍), General Fan (范將軍), General Xie (謝將軍), and General Niu (牛將軍), the Ox-Headed General. They are all protectors and assistants of the City God. They are also tasked with escorting the souls of the deceased to the afterlife

- Left: Another altar located in the main hall, next to the altar of the City God. It is dedicated to the Great Emperor of the Eastern Peak (東嶽大帝). An important Taoist deity, he oversees human life, death, fate, and the underworld.

- Right: Altar of the Five Gods of Wealth (五路財神), who symbolize wealth gathered from all directions: East, South, West, North, and Center.

Jiadong (佳冬)

This rural township (pop. 18,000) in Pingtung County boasts a relatively large number of well restored historical Hakka building. The area was originally populated by the Makato people of the Pingpu indigenous tribe. The first Chinese settlers, Hakkas from northern Guangdong, established the town and over time assimilated the native Makato. On the 11th of October 1895, Jiadong was the location a battle, the Battle of Chiatung, between the short-lived Republic of Formosa (23 May to 21 October 1895), a short-lived state, and the Japan Empire. The battle was won by the Japanese army.

Yang Clan Ancestral Temple (楊氏宗祠):

This ancestral temple was built to honor the founders of the Yang family, who were officials during the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (乾隆帝, 1735–1796), some of their descendants made their way to Taiwan. The construction of the ancestral temple was funded by descendants of these descendants and completed in 1923. A recent restoration was completed in 2010.

Old house seen on the way tothe Yang Clan Ancestral Hall.

View of the ancestral temple, featuring a classic roofline with pure swallowtail and horseback contours. Its front garden boasts a beautiful and unusual pool, adorned with two islands that form the yin-yang symbol.

Close-up of the entrance of the temple.

Close-ups of the statues located at the top of the two side-walls of the temple's entrance (see above photo)

Altar housing the ancestors' spirit tablets.

Moon gates, surmounted by bright decorations, flank the inner courtyard.

Close-ups of colorful pottery decorations above moon gates.

West gate (西隘門):

This gate is a largely restored remnant of a fortification complex built in the 19th century by Hakka people to protect themselves against other ethnic groups living nearby. The two circular openings located beneath the roof, on either side of the yellow plaque, are defensive gun holes.

Zhang's Family Trading House (張家商樓):

Built around 1910 and recently renovated, this house served simultaneously as a family residence, a trading place, and a general store. Aquatic products, such as turtles, frogs, eels, and catfish, were traded on the ground floor. Sugarcane, fruit, and sweet potato were sold in the general store located in the corner wing of the house. The upper floor, meanwhile, served as living quarters and storage space for merchandise.

Xiao Family house (佳冬蕭屋伙房):

The Xiao (or Hsiao) family is a prominent Hakka family of Jiadong. They trace their roots back to an ancestor who immigrated to Taiwan over 200 years ago. After his grandson became a wealthy merchant, the family began construction of their new home in 1860. This house became a vast residence comprising a linear sequence of five halls, separated from one another by four inner courtyards. Two long wings run on either side of this sequence, separated from the halls and courtyards by two open-air corridors. The entire residence was completed in 1880, forming a rectangular complex entirely enclosed by walls. Still standing today, it underwent renovation in 2022.

Bagua gates. They provide passage between the courtyards, as wells as between the courtyards and the side corridors.

Family ancestor altar in the second hall. It houses the spirit tablets of the deceased family members.

Exquisite rear door of the second hall. Its two side windows, finely carved in stone, are visible in the photo above behind the altar.

Another altar in the third hall featuring other spirit tablets.

Old painted wooden door panels (no longer in use) stored in a room of the residence.

Jiadong Jingziti (佳冬敬字亭):

The term ″jingziti″ (敬字亭) means ″reverence-for-script pavilion″. It designates a specific type of paper-burning tower. In the Confucian tradition, any paper bearing written characters is to be regarded as sacred and must not be discarded disrespectfully. A Jingziti is a kiln used to burn such paper in a solemn manner, thereby honoring the written word, the culture it embodies, and the scholars who created it. The resulting ashes are collected and scattered into a clean location. In Taiwan, this ancient tradition was once deeply rooted within the Hakka community.

View of the Jiadong Jingziti, located near the entrance to the Xiao Family House. Its lower level is used for burning written characters, while its upper levels are dedicated to deities such as Wenchang Dijun (文昌帝君), the Taoist god of culture and education.

Moon-Walking Gate (步月樓):

This gate, pictured below, formerly provided access to service areas located at the rear of the Xiao house. It is remembered as the final Hakka stronghold against the Japanese Imperial Army during the Battle of Chiatung (see above).

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